儿向语与词汇拓展：中国幼儿的个案研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 09:37

本文选题：儿向语 + 词汇拓展　；参考：《吉林大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 语言在婴幼儿认知和社会性发展过程中关系重大。3岁以前是儿童语言发展的关键时期。著名的心理学家Vygotsky(1962)曾经指出,心智发展源于社会文化之中,成人(或主要照顾者)与儿童的互动推动了其更高层次的心智功能的发展。儿向语作为成人同儿童交谈所使用的简易化的使用域,对儿童语言的发展(包括语用的发展)影响甚大。儿童就是通过儿向语的引导习得语言及会话技巧的。作为一种特殊的语域,儿童主要照顾者往往是在非故意的情况下使用儿向语,因此,对使用者是否了解这一语域特征的研究就显得尤为重要。另外,从社会角度对影响儿向语的原因进行调查,研究何种语境中的儿向语对幼儿词汇的拓展具有积极的推动作用具有理论及实践意义。本研究通过对部分幼儿主要照顾者的访谈式问卷调查及分析,客观地描述了儿向语的使用状况及其社会因素和儿向语输入环境下幼儿的词汇拓展状况。其调查结果有助于研究者做出是否应广泛普及儿向语知识的报告,从而提高儿向语使用者的语言质量,推动儿童早期语言发展。本研究采取分层随机不等比例抽样的方法,按经济发展状况抽取了长春市朝阳区、南关区及二道区的156名幼儿作为调查对象。该调查对象均为学说普通话的健康幼儿,月龄为24至30个月。使用《幼儿词汇拓展状况问卷》对其主要照顾者进行访谈式调查。该问卷分为两个部分:第一部分调查幼儿个人情况及其家庭社会环境;第二部分从”麦克阿瑟儿童语言沟通及发展量表”(MCDI)中选取了24-30个月幼儿常用的335个词,按其用途分为18个词类。受访者按问卷内容,就幼儿的词汇拓展状况,与幼儿常进行的语言交互活动以及家庭状况进行了详细的报告。在访谈的基础上,以Vygotsky的心智发展的社会源起理论及Snow的儿向语理论作为分析框架,本文主要研究了如下三个问题:中国幼儿父母(或幼儿主要照顾者)是否了解儿向语的特征?哪些因素可以使儿向语使用者为幼儿提供有力的语言发展环境?儿向语使用者与幼儿的哪些言语交互活动对幼儿语言发展具有重要作用? 研究结果表明,大部分中国父母(或幼儿主要照顾者)对儿向语的特征并不了解,而是处在无意识的状态下使用儿向语。受访者在总结自己与幼儿交流的言语特征时,选择比例最高的两个选项属于Ferguson所总结的清晰化过程(clarifying process)。受访者在有意的调整其与幼儿交流的言语的清晰程度及语速的过程中,恰恰无意识的使用了儿向语。另外,对这部分问卷的研究还可以得出结论,受访者认为其随幼儿月龄变化调整其语言复杂程度这一回答在可信度上存在一定问题。研究结果还显示,父母作为儿向语的主要使用者,其所受教育程度对幼儿词汇拓展有很大影响,父亲的经济状况也与幼儿词汇水平呈正相关;父母年龄与幼儿词汇水平呈负相关。幼儿日间主要照顾者(除父母之外)的受教育程度也在一定程度上影响幼儿词汇拓展,而与幼儿使用非普通话儿向语进行交流与幼儿词汇拓展呈负相关。关于何种语境中的儿向语对幼儿词汇拓展具有积极的推动作用,研究结果显示,幼儿主要照顾者与幼儿的日常言语交流活动发生在如下语境,如给其讲故事、看图片及吸引幼儿与其展开谈话对推动幼儿词汇拓展具有积极的作用。基于上述研究结果,对影响幼儿词汇拓展的儿向语因素的进一步分析发现,广泛普及儿向语知识有利于促使父母及幼儿主要照顾者提高自身学识与修养、规范自己的语言,从而使幼儿处于富于变化、信息量大、词汇丰富、语音语法规范的语言环境中。另外,幼儿词汇的拓展离不开儿向语使用者对幼儿言语的及时回应、纠正与扩充,及适当的言语交互活动的采用。幼儿一旦获得了高度的语言发展能力,其认知能力也会快速提高。分析儿向语及其相关因素与幼儿词汇拓展的关系不仅具有重大的理论意义,而且具有实践意义。理论上,本研究拓宽了儿向语理论的视域,该研究结果认证了儿向语与幼儿词汇拓展的内在联系,以及社会环境、语言交互活动和儿向语之间的关系。实践上,本研究为致力于促进儿童语言发展的政策制定者、教育者、实践者提供了一些有益的启示。对儿向语及其相关因素的研究有利于深入理解儿童语言的发展过程,因而该研究为探索儿童健康发展的父母提供了有益的参考。鉴于主客观条件的限制,本研究仅从儿向语输入这一个角度分析了影响幼儿词汇拓展的因素。影响儿童语言发展的因素错综复杂,心理因素、个体差异以及认知发展等多方面因素对幼儿词汇拓展的影响和制约有待于进一步探讨。同时,本研究未能对调查对象与其主要照顾者的所有言语交互活动进行全面分析,如共同观看电视节目及影碟等活动未作研究。另外,本研究结果仅能反映长春地区部分学说普通话且健康幼儿的词汇拓展状况,因而,对其普遍性的研究尚有待于进一步探讨。
[Abstract]:The relationship between language and children's cognitive and social development is a critical period before.3 years of age. The famous psychologist Vygotsky (1962) once pointed out that mental development originates from the social culture, and the interaction between adults (or main caregivers) and children pushes the development of their higher level of mental function. The simplified use area used as an adult to talk to children has a great impact on the development of children's language (including the development of pragmatics). Children are acquiring language and conversational skills through the guidance of the language. As a special register, children's main caregivers often use children in unintentional situations, so that It is particularly important for the users to understand the characteristics of the register. In addition, it is of theoretical and practical significance to investigate the causes of the language from the social point of view.
This study objectively describes the use of children's language and its social factors and children's vocabulary expansion under the input environment of children. The language quality of the language users promotes early language development of children. This study adopts a stratified random unequal proportion sampling method. According to the economic development, 156 young children in Changchun, Nanguan District and two districts are selected as the subjects. All the subjects are healthy young children who speak for 24 to 30 months. The questionnaire on the development of children's vocabulary was interviewed. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: the first part was divided into two parts: the first part investigated the individual situation of children and their family social environment; the second part selected 335 words commonly used for 24-30 months children from the "language communication and development scale of Macarthur children", according to their use points. According to the content of 18 words, the interviewees reported the vocabulary development of children, the language interaction activities and the family status of children. On the basis of the interview, the social origin theory of Vygotsky and the Snow theory of child language were used as the analysis framework, and the following three were studied in this paper. Question: do Chinese children's parents (or primary caregivers) understand the characteristics of the language? Which factors can provide the language users with a powerful language development environment? Which language interaction between children and children plays an important role in the development of children's language development?
The results show that most Chinese parents (or children's primary caregivers) do not understand the characteristics of the language, but use the children in the unconscious state. When the interviewees summarize the speech features of their children, the two choice of the highest selection ratio is the clear process (clarifying proces) summed up by Ferguson. S). In the process of intentional adjustment of the clarity and speed of the speech communicated with children, the interviewee used the language unconsciously. In addition, the study of this part of the questionnaire can also draw a conclusion that the respondents believed that the answer to the response to the change of language complexity with the change of the age of young children has some problems.
The results also show that the education degree of parents, as the main users of children, has a great influence on the vocabulary development of children, the economic status of the father is also positively related to the vocabulary level of children, and the age of parents is negatively related to the vocabulary level of children. There is a negative correlation between children's vocabulary development and children's use of non Putonghua children to communicate with children's vocabulary expansion. If you tell stories, look at pictures and attract children to talk with them, they will play a positive role in promoting children's vocabulary development.
Based on the above results, a further analysis of the factors affecting children's vocabulary development has been made. It is found that the widespread popularization of children's knowledge is conducive to promoting parents and young children's main caregivers to improve their knowledge and self-cultivation, and to standardize their own language, so that children are in a change, large amount of information, rich vocabulary, and standard pronunciation and grammar. In addition, the expansion of children's vocabulary can not be separated from the user's timely response to children's speech, correction and expansion, and the appropriate use of verbal interaction. As soon as children have acquired a high level of language development, their cognitive ability will also improve rapidly.
The analysis of the relationship between children's language and its related factors and children's vocabulary development is not only of great theoretical and practical significance. In theory, this study broadens the horizon of the theory of children's language, and the results of this study have authenticated the internal relations between children's vocabulary and children's vocabulary development, as well as the social environment, language interaction and children's language. In practice, this study provides some useful inspiration for policymakers, educators and practitioners devoted to promoting children's language development. The study of children's language and its related factors is beneficial to understanding the development process of children's language, thus providing useful references for parents to explore the healthy development of children. Exam.
In view of the constraints of subjective and objective conditions, this study only analyzes the factors that affect the development of children's vocabulary from the angle of children's input to language. The factors that affect children's language development are complex, psychological factors, individual differences and cognitive development have to be further discussed. This study failed to make a comprehensive analysis of all the verbal interaction between the subjects and their main caregivers, such as the activities of watching TV programs and video discs together. In addition, the results of this study only reflect the vocabulary extension of some Changchun Mandarin and healthy children. Therefore, the study of its universality remains to be studied. Further discussion.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：G610

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