儿童早期发展与教育中的动作和运动问题——四论进化、发展和儿童早期教育

发布时间：2018-07-23 20:22

【摘要】：随着《国家中长期教育改革与发展规划纲要(2010-2020)》等一系列教育政策文件的颁布,学前教育如何遵循幼儿成长规律和学前教育规律,回归"基本"成为值得再次关注的重大问题。什么是儿童早期发展与教育的"基本",如何认识"基本",是需要学前教育理论研究界深入思考的。儿童早期的动作发展不仅是其智力发展的重要指标,更是发展的普遍特征;运动是以身体为轴心的一种综合性的、多方面的和总体的活动,涉及认知、动机以及情感方面。动作和运动在儿童早期发展与教育中具有重要地位。从种系发生和个体发生角度来说,动作和运动(同时还包括感觉)在婴幼儿期心理的发展中起着积极的建构作用。从动作技能与智力技能的同源性来看,动作问题一开始就并不单纯是动作问题,动作发展本身是儿童早期心理发展的重要组成部分,同时也是其早期心理发展的主要建构力量。对儿童早期动作和运动的研究具有重大的生物学、人类学、心理学和教育学意义。遗憾的是,儿童早期动作发展和运动的重要性并未引起足够的重视。过分强调抽象符号系统的作用,特别是把抽象符号系统和学业学习在儿童早期发展中的作用置于一个极不恰当的位置是当前早期教育实践中极为普遍存在、也是非常危险的倾向。这种危险在于以所谓早期智力开发的名义压缩了婴幼儿动作和感觉发展的空间,使他们远离感性经验和"物理实在",也就在相当程度上剥夺了他们通过动作主动建构自身经验和通过运动与游戏宣泄和表达基本情绪的机会。深入学习国家教育政策文件,遵循幼儿身心发展规律,关注儿童动作和运动教育,让婴幼儿置身于感性、具体的"实在"中,置身于活生生的生活世界之中,置身于自然而非抽象的符号世界之中,是早期教育基于发展逻辑回归"基本"的必然追求。
[Abstract]:With the promulgation of a series of educational policy documents, such as the outline of the National medium and long term Education Reform and Development Program (2010-2020), how to follow the law of preschool education and the law of preschool education, and how to return to "basic" has become an important issue that deserves attention again. What is the "basic" of early childhood development and education, and how to understand "basic" need to be deeply considered by the theoretical research field of preschool education. The development of children's early movement is not only an important indicator of their intellectual development, but also a universal characteristic of their development. Exercise is a comprehensive, multi-faceted and overall activity centered on the body, which involves cognitive, motivation and emotional aspects. Action and exercise play an important role in early childhood development and education. From the perspective of phylogeny and ontogeny, movement and movement (including sensation) play a constructive role in the psychological development of infants and young children. From the perspective of the homology of motor skills and intellectual skills, the problem of action is not only a problem of action at the beginning, but also an important part of the early psychological development of children, and also the main construction force of its early psychological development. The study of children's early movements and movements is of great significance in biology, anthropology, psychology and pedagogy. Unfortunately, the importance of early childhood movement development and exercise has not attracted enough attention. Placing undue emphasis on the role of abstract symbolic systems, in particular the role of abstract symbolic systems and academic learning in early childhood development, is an extremely common practice in early childhood, It is also a very dangerous tendency. The danger is that, in the name of early intellectual development, it compresses the space for infant movement and sensory development. Keeping them away from perceptual experience and "physical reality" deprives them of the opportunity to actively construct their own experience through action and express their basic emotions through sport and games. Deeply study the national education policy document, follow the law of the child's physical and mental development, pay attention to the children's movement and sports education, let the infant and young child be placed in the perceptual, concrete "reality" and in the living life world. To be in the symbolic world of nature rather than abstract is the inevitable pursuit of the return of early education based on the logic of development.
【作者单位】：华南师范大学教育科学学院;
【基金】：广东省哲学社会科学“十一五”规划课题“建构基于童年期特征的幼儿教育”(批准号:06SJY008)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：G610

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