格拉斯哥的城市改造与转型研究（1957-2016）

发布时间：2018-03-22 13:27

本文选题：格拉斯哥　切入点：城市更新　出处：《上海师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：位于苏格兰地区的格拉斯哥(Glasgow),依托工业革命和蓬勃的海外贸易,在19世纪初成为英国首屈一指的工业城市。但在第二次世界大战之后的后工业化时期,格拉斯哥开始由盛转衰,各种城市问题接踵而至。在种种挑战和困难面前,自20世纪中期开始,通过城市更新(urban renewal)、城市再生(urban regeneration)与城市复兴(urban renaissance),格拉斯哥用自身的行动回答了一个具有普遍性的问题:工业城市在后工业时代应当何去何从。以住房为导向的城市更新从20世纪中期开始持续到20世纪80年代末。前期,面对市中心人口无限膨胀和有限的环境承载能力之间的矛盾,格拉斯哥政府采取以住房更新为手段的方法,试图通过建设郊区以达到分散市中心人口、降低市中心压力的目的,然而由于周边基础设施不到位等原因未能达到目标。后期,重点转向关注内城衰退,城市更新改变了早期由政府主导的模式,更加重视私人资本的参与,开始尝试公私合作的方式,通过一系列举措吸引私人资本在社会各个领域的投资,从而达到改善城市环境、振兴内城的效果。到20世纪90年代,以文化为导向的城市再生政策被提上日程。格拉斯哥城市再生的文化策略从两个方面具体展开:一是文化的硬件与软件,集中表现在1990年格拉斯哥当选欧洲文化城市。不仅新建了许多文化基础设施,还举办了多种多样的文化活动,带动了旅游业的发展、提升了城市的知名度。二是文化的整体观和历史观,以高博斯区的皇冠街再生计划为代表,不仅考虑了整体的社区建设,而且新建筑的选址和风格都体现了对历史的尊重。而在21世纪,格拉斯哥开启了以创意为导向的城市复兴阶段,“孵化”创意城市的尝试从三个方面展开。一是开展多样性的城市形象活动以提振第三产业,二是设计公共艺术以提升城市的包容性和开放性,三是创造开放性的创意场域为普通人的创意活动提供空间。格拉斯哥近60年以来的城市改造实践呈现出以下特征:改造的主体公有化色彩减弱、私人化特征增加;改造的客体由表及里,逐渐从冰冷的物理空间转移到有人文气息的文化空间和创意空间;改造的效果具有多面性和矛盾性。而格拉斯哥模式对当下中国的城市改造颇具借鉴意义:主体从“单主体”向“多主体”转变;目标从关注物质向关注“人”转变;规划从局部向整体转变;手段从依靠住房向依托文化转变。
[Abstract]:Glasgow, based in Scotland, became Britain's leading industrial city in the early 19th century, thanks to the industrial revolution and booming foreign trade. But in the post-industrial period after World War II, Glasgow began to grow from prosperity to decline. Urban problems followed. In the face of challenges and difficulties, beginning in the mid-20th century, Through urban renewal, urban regeneration, and urban renewal, Glasgow answers a universal question with his own actions: where industrial cities should go in the post-industrial age. City renewal continued from the middle of the 20th century to the end of the 1980s. In the face of the contradiction between the unlimited population expansion and the limited environmental carrying capacity, the Glasgow government adopted the method of housing renewal to try to disperse the population and reduce the pressure of the city center by building suburbs. However, due to the lack of infrastructure in the surrounding areas and other reasons, the focus has shifted to the inner city recession, and urban renewal has changed the early government-led model and paid more attention to the participation of private capital. Began to try out public-private partnerships, through a series of initiatives to attract private capital investment in all areas of society, so as to improve the urban environment, revitalizing the inner city. Culturally oriented urban regeneration policy has been put on the agenda. The cultural strategy of Glasgow urban regeneration is carried out from two aspects: first, the hardware and software of culture. Concentrated in the election of Glasgow as a European cultural city in 1990. Not only were many new cultural infrastructures built, but a variety of cultural activities were also organized, which led to the development of tourism. The visibility of the city has been enhanced. Second, the cultural holistic view and historical view, represented by the Crown Street Regeneration Project in Gobos, not only takes into account the overall community construction, And the location and style of the new building reflect respect for history. And in the 21st century, Glasgow has launched a stage of urban renewal based on creativity. The attempt to "incubate" creative cities has been carried out in three ways. The first is to launch a diversified urban image campaign to boost the tertiary industry. The second is to design public art to enhance the inclusiveness and openness of the city. Third, creating an open creative field to provide space for the creative activities of ordinary people. Glasgow's urban transformation practice in the past 60 years shows the following characteristics: the transformation of the main body of the public color weakened, private features increased; The transformed object is gradually transferred from the cold physical space to the humanistic cultural space and creative space. The effect of the transformation is multi-faceted and contradictory, and Glasgow model is of great significance to the urban transformation in China: the transformation of the subject from "single subject" to "multi-subject", the change of objective from paying attention to material to paying attention to "human"; Planning changes from part to whole and means from relying on housing to relying on culture.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F299.1;TU984.5

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