我国劳动力流动的省际边界壁垒研究：存在性及其区域差异

发布时间：2018-08-06 14:20

【摘要】：改革开放以来,我国对外经济联系不断加强,国内市场不断开放,在取得巨大经济建设成就的同时并未建立起相应的统一、开放、竞争、有序的国内市场体系。我国的市场分割源于上世纪80年代初期中央政府推行的以"财政包干"为核心的行政分权改革,各地方政府为获得更多的政治晋升机会竞相采取行政管制手段来限制市场自由流通。虽然我国在消除地方保护主义、削弱市场分割的努力已经取得一定成效,但在要素市场中,劳动力市场的地方保护最为严重,即劳动力市场分割程度最大。劳动力市场分割,或劳动力流动壁垒是一种普遍的现象,这种现象源于改革开放前限制人口流动的传统政策导向,虽然上个世纪九十年代,我国沿海经济发达地区先后出现"民工潮",大规模的劳动力实现了跨区域频繁流动,尤其是2000年以后,我国逐步清理对劳动力流动造成歧视性的规章制度及相关措施,我国进入了劳动力流动迁移最为活跃的时期,但劳动力跨区域、跨城乡、跨行业流动依然面临各种壁垒。劳动力流动壁垒的存在,分割了我国劳动力市场,降低了劳动力市场配置效率,阻碍我国经济的持续稳定发展。同时,在我国经济步入新常态的现实背景下,消除劳动力流动壁垒,构建统一的国内劳动力市场是推进结构改革,释放改革红利,保障经济中高速增长的应有之义。本文利用各省暂住证数据,实证研究我国劳动力流动是否存在省际边界壁垒,即劳动力跨省流动是否受到各省之间行政边界的负面影响。本文通过分析代表性居民的就业区位选择,得出宏观上劳动力流动的实证模型,并采用31个省2002-2014年面板数据来估计省际边界虚拟变量对劳动力流动的影响。结果表明,该变量的估计系数显著为负,说明我国劳动力流动存在省际边界壁垒,该壁垒的存在导致在全国层面上2014年省际劳动力总流动潜在减少了 21.45%至30.14%。同时,劳动力流动预期收入增加能显著促进劳动力流动,而就业机会部分影响劳动力流动。本文还分别利用务工与服务,务工、服务与经商,务工、服务与务农动机的暂住证数据替代所有动机的暂住证数据,结果证明上述结论具有很好的稳健性。本文还进一步探究了我国劳动力流动省际边界壁垒是否在东、中、西部之间存在区域差异,在考虑了劳动力跨区域流动时可能受到同样不可观测因素影响的情况下,采用似不相关回归模型(SUR)对省级面板数据进行估计,研究结果表明我国东、中、西部劳动力流动省际边界壁垒依次递增,并且西部地区的劳动力流动省际边界壁垒分别比东部地区和中部地区大 33.1%～51.9%和 66.2%～103.8%。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's foreign economic ties have been strengthened, the domestic market has been continuously open, and the domestic market system has not been set up in a unified, open, competitive and orderly manner while it has made great achievements in economic construction. Market segmentation in our country stems from the central government's reform of administrative decentralization, which was carried out by the central government in the early 1980s. Local governments are competing for more opportunities for political advancement by adopting administrative controls to limit the free flow of markets. Although our country has achieved some results in eliminating local protectionism and weakening market segmentation, in the factor market, the local protection of labor market is the most serious, that is, labor market segmentation is the largest. Labor market segmentation, or barriers to labour mobility, is a common phenomenon that stems from the traditional policy of restricting population mobility before the reform and opening up, although in the 1990s, In the developed coastal areas of China, there has been a "wave of civil workers" successively, and large-scale labor force has realized frequent cross-regional mobility. Especially after 2000, China has gradually cleaned up the rules and regulations and related measures that are discriminatory to the movement of labor force. China has entered the most active period of labor mobility and migration, but the labor force is still facing various barriers across regions, urban and rural areas and industries. The existence of labor flow barriers has divided the labor market of our country, reduced the efficiency of labor market allocation, and hindered the sustained and stable development of our country's economy. At the same time, under the background of our country's economy stepping into the new normal, eliminating the barriers of labor flow and constructing a unified domestic labor market is the proper meaning of promoting structural reform, releasing the reform dividend and ensuring the rapid growth of the economy. Based on the provincial temporary residence permit data, this paper empirically studies whether there are interprovincial boundary barriers to labor mobility in China, that is, whether the inter-provincial labor mobility is negatively affected by the administrative boundary between provinces. By analyzing the employment location choice of representative residents, this paper obtains an empirical model of labor mobility in macro level, and estimates the effect of virtual variables of provincial boundaries on labor mobility by using the panel data of 31 provinces from 2002 to 2014. The results show that the estimated coefficient of this variable is significantly negative, indicating that there are interprovincial boundary barriers to labor mobility in China, which leads to a potential reduction of 21.45% to 30.14% in the total provincial labor flow in 2014 at the national level. At the same time, the increase of expected income of labor mobility can significantly promote labor mobility, while employment opportunities partly affect labor mobility. This paper also uses the temporary residence permit data of workers and services, workers, service and business, workers, service and agricultural motivation to replace the temporary residence permit data of all motivations. The results show that the above conclusions have good robustness. This paper also explores whether there are regional differences between the east, middle and western regions of the interprovincial boundary barriers of labor mobility in China, and considering the influence of the same unobservable factors on the cross-regional mobility of labor force. The provincial panel data are estimated by using seemingly unrelated regression model (SUR). The results show that the interprovincial boundary barriers of labor mobility in the east, middle and west of China increase in turn. Moreover, the interprovincial boundary barriers of labor mobility in western China are 51.9% and 103.8% larger than those in eastern and central regions, respectively.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F249.2

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