福利国家延迟退休的模式与镜鉴

发布时间：2018-09-11 09:06

【摘要】：日益加剧的人口老龄化加重了对退休制度和养老金的冲击,延迟退休成为世界各国应对老龄化最直接的现实着力点,福利国家纷纷推出调整退休年龄、延迟退休机制的实施方案。由于受社会背景、政治环境、经济体制和福利水平等方面的影响,福利国家的退休制度呈现出多样性、差异性和灵活性。根据国家福利水平与就业促进程度,将退休制度分为四种类型:"高福利+高就业"的退休模式,主要以社会民主主义福利国家为代表;"高福利+低就业"的退休模式,主要以保守主义福利国家为代表;"低福利+高就业"的退休模式,主要以自由主义福利国家为代表;"低福利+低就业"的退休模式,目前主要以我国为代表。通过考察福利与就业相挂钩的四种退休模式,以瑞典、法国、美国和日本四国的延迟退休制度为例,并从退休意愿、养老金改革和调整老龄就业结构三方面入手探讨福利国家延迟退休的国际趋同性与差异性。经过分析四国延迟退休经验后发现退休意愿与退休年龄密切相关,循序渐进延迟退休年龄,并建立弹性退休激励机制能增加劳动者的延迟退休意愿。退休制度与养老保险制度相辅相成,完善的养老保险体系能让延迟退休制度的推行事半功倍,而养老保险制度自身存在的弊端和问题会让退休制度的改革效果大打折扣,因此,西方福利国家在推行延迟退休制度的同时需要完善养老保险制度,优化退休制度的改革和实施环境。延迟退休必然要求推动老年就业,通过促进中高龄就业,缓解养老金支付压力和劳动力短缺问题。根据发达国家福利与就业挂钩的退休模式可知,我国的延迟退休改革要减少阻力、取得既定目标和最优效果,既需要适时适度完善养老金制度的激励与约束机制,渐进式提高退休年龄,提高劳动者的延迟退休意愿,形成因势因时而谋的"拉力";也需要健全多支柱养老金体系,减少退休的后顾之忧,形成应势而动的"张力";亦需要构建积极的劳动力市场促进中高龄就业,形成顺势而为的"推力",保障延迟退休群体良好的就业环境,建构我国特色的延迟退休"拉力-张力-推力"体系。
[Abstract]:The increasing aging of the population has aggravated the impact on the retirement system and pensions, and delaying retirement has become the most direct practical point for countries in the world to deal with ageing. The welfare state has introduced one after another the adjustment of the retirement age. Implementation of the deferred retirement mechanism. Due to the influence of social background, political environment, economic system and welfare level, the retirement system of welfare state presents diversity, diversity and flexibility. According to the level of state welfare and the degree of employment promotion, the retirement system is divided into four types: the retirement mode of "high welfare and high employment", mainly represented by the social democratic welfare state, and the retirement mode of "high welfare and low employment". The retirement mode of "low welfare and high employment" is mainly represented by liberal welfare state, and the retirement mode of "low welfare and low employment" is mainly represented by our country. By examining four retirement patterns linked to benefits and employment, taking the delayed retirement system in Sweden, France, the United States and Japan as an example, and from the perspective of retirement intention, This paper discusses the international convergence and difference of delayed retirement in welfare state from three aspects: pension reform and adjustment of old age employment structure. It is found that retirement intention is closely related to retirement age through analysis of four countries' delayed retirement experience. The gradual delay of retirement age and the establishment of flexible retirement incentive mechanism can increase workers' willingness to delay retirement. The retirement system and the old-age insurance system complement each other, the perfect pension insurance system can make the delay retirement system carry out twice with half the effort, but the old age insurance system itself exists the malpractice and the question will let the retirement system reform effect greatly discount, therefore, The western welfare countries need to perfect the pension insurance system and optimize the reform and implementation environment of the retirement system while implementing the delayed retirement system. Delay in retirement inevitably requires the promotion of employment for the elderly and the alleviation of the pressure of pension payment and the shortage of labor by promoting employment of the middle-aged and the elderly. According to the retirement mode of the developed countries, we can know that in order to reduce the resistance, achieve the established goal and the best effect, we need to improve the incentive and restraint mechanism of the pension system in a timely and appropriate way. Gradually raising the retirement age, increasing the workers' willingness to delay retirement, and forming a "pull" because of the times of the situation; we also need to improve the multi-pillar pension system to reduce the worries of retirement. It is also necessary to construct an active labor market to promote middle-aged and senior citizens' employment, to form a "push" to conform to the trend, and to ensure a good employment environment for deferred retirement groups. To construct the "pull-tension-thrust" system with Chinese characteristics.
【作者单位】：南京大学政府管理学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金项目(14BSH104)
【分类号】：F249.2

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