中国企业年金市场发展的现状与问题分析

发布时间：2018-06-07 13:52

本文选题：养老保险 + 企业年金　；参考：《西南财经大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：根据中华人民共和国国家统计局公布的数据,2000年,我国65岁及以上人口占总人口的比重达到7%,此后逐渐递增,并于2012年达到9.4%,老年抚养比也从2000年的9.9%上升到2012年的12.7%。这意味着我国在2000年左右便已进入人口老龄化社会,并且,老龄化程度不断加剧。在此背景下,中国城镇职工基本养老保险个人账户空账额2012年达到2.6万亿元,政府养老保障压力不断增大,社会各界开始积极探索解决之道。2012年以来,“以房养老”、“延迟退休”等话题再次引发社会热议,但是,广大民众对此多持反对态度,短期内难以达到减轻政府财政负担的目的。借鉴国外应对人口老龄化的经验,完善多支柱养老保障体系,大力发展企业年金市场将是重要的解决措施。然而,中国企业年金市场起步较晚,1991年,我国国务院政策文件中才首次提到“企业补充养老保险”,2004年,我国才真正开始建立起以信托模式为基础的企业年金制度,中国企业年金市场发展还很不充分,尤其是中小企业年金市场发展严重不足,尚且难以起到补充养老的作用。但是,随着社会保障压力的不断增大,企业年金已经越来越受到社会各界的关注。2011年,“发展企业年金和职业年金”正式写入了国家“十二五”规划。2013年,“加快发展企业年金,构建多层次社会保障体系”也写入了中共十八届三中全会决议。在此背景下,本文对中国企业年金市场发展状况进行了多角度、系统性的分析。第一章,导论,首先对本文选题的背景、目的和意义、国内外已有研究状况、本文的研究思路和研究框架、创新点与不足等给予了概括性的介绍,使读者对本文有一个简单而清晰的全面了解, 第二章进入研究正题,介绍了企业年金市场发展的理论基础,根据下文即将研究的内容针对性地介绍了四种理论,包括：“多层次养老保障体系理论”、“福利多元主义理论”、“企业年金的人力资源管理激励理论”和“养老资产的长期资本化理论”,从不同的角度为下文的研究提供理论依据。第三章开始对中国企业年金市场发展现状进行分析。在简单的发展历程回顾之后,结合人力资源社会保障部基金监督司及中国保监会公布的最新数据,对中国企业年金计划建立的种类和数量,企业年金的行业、地域、企业和职工覆盖范围,企业年金的缴费与领取制度,企业年金基金的积累规模、投资收益率、管理与运营模式等进行了分析和介绍。在现状剖析的基础上,本文第四章对中国企业年金市场发展过程中存在的问题进行了分析。主要运用了制度分析法和对比分析法,将国内外相关数据、中国历史发展前后数据做横向和纵向的对比,揭示其中存在的问题,包括：中国集合年金计划发展滞后、行业和地区发展不平衡、企业年金覆盖率低、管理机构无序竞争、投资收益率波动大等。通过现状和问题的分析,本文第五章开始深入挖掘产生问题的原因,即制约中国企业年金市场发展的因素,从多角度探析为什么中国企业年金市场发育不足的问题。以往学者多从制度层面和资本市场角度对制约因素进行分析,本文则更多地结合中国市场经济的整体发展情况对制约因素进行阐释,力求在研究视角和数据运用上有所创新。本文重点分析的制约因素包括：第一,制度因素。制度是不可忽略的根本,因此,本文仍从制度因素开始着手,重点分析了以往税收政策及2014年新税收政策对企业年金市场的影响、社会基本养老保险费率过高对中小企业年金缴费能力的制约、受托人缺位和顶层设计缺陷对企业年金管理架构和员工缴费意愿的影响等。第二,产业结构约束。结合中国当前的产业结构布局、企业及就业人员的产业构成和行业分布、三次产业贡献率、企业生存时间分布等数据,本文重点分析了中国产业结构与企业年金市场的内在联系,这也是本文在研究视角上所做的重要创新尝试。第三,收入分配约束。基于我国收入分配失衡的客观现实,论文首先对各行业就业人员平均工资进行对比,并进一步与国外就业人员工资水平进行对比,总结得出收入分配失衡对企业年金税收政策的影响及对低收入职工企业年金需求的影响,最终对中国企业年金市场的发展形成制约。第四,市场支持条件约束。我国资本市场发育尚不完善,不仅导致企业年金基金投资结构不合理,更是企业年金基金投资收益率波动大的重要原因。第五,文化约束。本文主要从中国传统家庭养老文化和中小企业文化角度阐述了文化背景对我国企业年金市场发展的制约。最后,本文第六章针对上述制约因素提出了相关改进建议,主要包括：加快制度完善、优化产业结构、完善收入分配体系、改进市场支持条件、推进文化建设等。但是,中国企业年金市场发育不足是由多方面原因造成的,本文的分析还不足以完全说明问题。并且,文章中大部分判断都是基于国内外相关数据的对比得出,仅仅是直观意义上的判断,缺少严密的实证模型论证。基本养老保险费率和企业年金缴费之间,什么样的比例才是最合适的?2014年企业年金新税收政策的市场反应和实施效果又将如何?诸多问题在今后的研究工作中还需要更深入的探索。
[Abstract]:According to the data published by the National Bureau of statistics of People's Republic of China, in 2000, the proportion of the population aged 65 and above in China accounted for 7%, and then gradually increased, and reached 9.4% in 2012, and the elderly dependency ratio increased from 9.9% in 2000 to 12.7%. in 2012, which means that our country has entered a population aging society in 2000 or so. In this context, in this context, the amount of private accounts of the basic pension insurance in China's urban workers reached 2 trillion and 600 billion yuan in 2012, the pressure on the government's old-age security increased, and the social circles began to actively explore the solution for.2012 years. It is difficult to reduce the financial burden of the government in the short term. It is an important solution to learn from the experience of the aging of the population abroad, to improve the multi pillar old-age security system and to develop the enterprise annuity market.
However, the Chinese enterprise annuity market started relatively late. In 1991, the State Council policy documents mentioned "enterprise supplementary pension insurance" for the first time. In 2004, China really started to establish an enterprise annuity system based on trust model. The development of Chinese enterprise annuity market is still very inadequate, especially the development of the annuity market of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, with the increase of social security pressure, the enterprise annuity has been paid more and more attention to.2011 years. "The development of enterprise annuity and occupational annuity" is formally written to the national "12th Five-Year" plan for.2013, "to speed up the development of enterprise annuity and to construct a multi-level society." In this context, this paper makes a systematic analysis of the development of Chinese enterprise annuity market in this context.
The first chapter, introduction, first gives a general introduction to the background, purpose and significance of this topic, the existing research situation at home and abroad, the research ideas and research framework, and the innovation points and shortcomings, so that the readers have a simple and clear and comprehensive understanding of this article.
The second chapter introduces the theoretical basis of the development of the enterprise annuity market, and introduces four theories according to the content that will be studied below, including the theory of "multi-level pension system", "theory of welfare pluralism", "incentive theory of human resources management of enterprise annuity" and "the length of pension assets." The theory of "capitalization" provides a theoretical basis for the following research from different angles.
The third chapter begins with the analysis of the current status of the Chinese enterprise annuity market. After a brief review of the development process, it combines the latest data published by the Ministry of human resources and social security supervision department and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, the type and quantity of the Chinese enterprise annuity plan, the industry, region, enterprise and employee coverage of the enterprise annuity. This paper analyzes and introduces the system of payment and collection of enterprise annuity, the accumulation scale of enterprise annuity fund, the rate of return on investment, management and operation mode.
On the basis of the analysis of the present situation, the fourth chapter of this paper analyzes the problems in the development of Chinese enterprise annuity market. It mainly uses the system analysis method and comparative analysis method to make a horizontal and vertical comparison between the relevant data at home and abroad and the data of the development of China's history, and reveal the existing problems, including the collection of China. The annuity plan is lagging behind, the development of industries and regions is unbalanced, the coverage rate of enterprise annuity is low, the management organizations are disorderly competition, and the rate of return on investment is fluctuating.
Through the analysis of the present situation and the problems, the fifth chapter of this article begins to dig out the reasons for the problem, that is, the factors that restrict the development of the Chinese enterprise annuity market, and analyze the problems of the lack of the development of the Chinese enterprise annuity market from many angles. The restrictive factors are explained in the light of the overall development of China's market economy, so as to make some innovations in the perspective of research and the application of data. The key factors of this paper are as follows: first, institutional factors. The system is the fundamental basis. Therefore, this article starts from the factors of the system, and focuses on the analysis of the past tax administration. The policy and the influence of the new tax policy on the enterprise annuity market in 2014, the restriction of the high social endowment insurance premium on the pension payment capacity of the small and medium enterprises, the influence of the vacancy of the trustee and the top design defects on the enterprise annuity management structure and the employee's payment will. Second, the industrial structure constraint. The industrial composition and industry distribution of enterprises and employment personnel, the three industrial contribution rate, the distribution of enterprise survival time and other data, this article focuses on the analysis of the internal relations between China's industrial structure and the enterprise annuity market. This is also an important trial of innovation done in the research perspective. Third, income distribution constraints. Based on the distribution of income in China Imbalanced objective reality, the paper first compares the average wage of the employment personnel in various industries, and compares it with the wage level of the foreign workers, and concludes that the influence of the imbalance of income distribution on the tax policy of the enterprise annuity and the annuity demand of the low income employees, and finally to the development of the Chinese enterprise annuity market. Formation constraints. Fourth, market support conditions constraints. The development of China's capital market is not perfect, not only leads to the irrational investment structure of the enterprise annuity fund, but also an important reason for the large fluctuation of the investment return rate of the enterprise annuity fund. Fifth, cultural constraints. This article mainly from the traditional Chinese family pension culture and the small and medium enterprise culture angle. Cultural background restricts the development of China's enterprise annuity market.
Finally, the sixth chapter put forward some suggestions on the above constraints, including speeding up the system improvement, optimizing the industrial structure, improving the income distribution system, improving the market support conditions, and promoting cultural construction.
However, the shortage of Chinese enterprise annuity market is caused by many reasons. The analysis of this paper is not enough to fully explain the problem. And most of the judgments in this article are based on the comparison of relevant data at home and abroad. It is only a judgment in the sense of intuition and lack of strict demonstration of empirical model. What proportion is the most appropriate proportion between the contributions of the occupational pension, and how will the market reaction and effect of the new tax policy on the enterprise annuity in 2014 be? Many problems need to be further explored in the future research work.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F842.67

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