欧债危机背景下的英国养老金制度及市场化改革研究

发布时间：2019-03-21 07:50

【摘要】：在经济全球化和人口老龄化的双重冲击下,以代际转移为基础的现收现付制养老金制度面临巨大的挑战,财政支付危机也日渐加深。英国作为世界上首个福利国家一直是欧洲高福利的标签和典型代表。随着经济危机的出现,高福利的养老金制度不具备持续性,经过撒切尔夫人和布莱尔政府的市场化改革后,英国基本上建立起了比较完善的三支柱养老金体系,但是英国的养老金支柱仍然存在着养老金支出缺口较大,养老金覆盖率低、参保率低等问题,新一轮的养老金改革势在必行。随着美国次贷危机蔓延到欧洲形成欧债危机的漩涡席卷整个欧洲,英国也遭受了巨大的损失,经济上陷入二次衰退,国家债务突破万亿英镑,失业率居高不下,并且经济上的衰退蔓延至社会政治演变成占领伦敦运动,社会矛盾尖锐。随着欧债危机推进,国家债务节节攀高,欧盟各国为了应对债台高筑的外债纷纷采取削减社会福利,减轻国家财政负担的措施。养老金作为社会福利最大的支出首当其冲进行改革。在日益严峻国内外形势的迫使下,英国开始了新一轮的养老金改革。主要措施包括：延长退休年龄,建立起强制性第二支柱职业养老金支柱,出台单层养老金改革方案,鼓励养老储蓄。经过这一轮改革使英国避免陷入高负债国家的泥潭,低成本的养老金财政支出有利于增强英国的国际竞争力,增加了劳动力市场的弹性,促进英国经济尽早走出欧债危机的阴影。通过市场化改革,政府、市场和个人之间的关系以及角色定位发生了改变,政府从主导者转变成监管者,市场成为养老金运营的主体,个人对自身养老负主要的责任。英国的养老金市场化改革使政府收缩了提供公共养老金的责任,加强了市场和个人在养老金制度中的作用,国家通过改革从提供者变成监管者。文章最后探讨了英国成功的养老金市场化改革经验给中国的养老保险制度改革带来的经验和启示。首先对中国的养老保险制度中存在的问题进行评述,主要有多支柱养老金体系发展缓慢、覆盖率低、统筹层次低和养老金投资管理仍需改善等问题,通过运用三元模式,从国家力量、市场机制和社会个人力量三个方面具体探讨了我国养老金改革重点在于合理定位政府责任,充分发挥市场和个人力量,建设和完善多支柱养老金体系,在吸取英国成功改革经验的基础上探索符合我国国情的养老保险建设道路。
[Abstract]:Under the double impact of economic globalization and aging population, the pay-as-you-go pension system based on intergenerational transfer is facing great challenges, and the crisis of fiscal payment is deepening day by day. As the first welfare state in the world, Britain has always been the label and typical representative of high welfare in Europe. With the emergence of the economic crisis, the high-welfare pension system is not sustainable. After the marketization reform of the Thatcher and Blair governments, Britain has basically established a relatively perfect three-pillar pension system. However, the pension pillar in Britain still has a large gap in pension expenditure, low pension coverage, low participation rate and other issues, so a new round of pension reform is imperative. As the US subprime crisis spread to Europe to form a European debt crisis, the whirlpool of the European debt crisis swept across Europe, Britain also suffered huge losses, the economy fell into a double recession, the national debt exceeded trillion pounds, and the unemployment rate remained high. And the economic recession spread to the socio-political evolution of the occupation of London movement, social contradictions are acute. With the advance of the European debt crisis and the rising of national debt, EU countries have taken measures to reduce social welfare and lighten the national fiscal burden in response to the debt-laden external debt. Pensions, as the biggest social welfare spending, bear the brunt of reform. Under the increasingly severe situation at home and abroad, Britain began a new round of pension reform. The main measures include extending the retirement age, establishing a mandatory second pillar occupational pension pillar, introducing a single-tier pension reform program, and encouraging pension savings. After this round of reforms, Britain has avoided falling into the quagmire of highly indebted countries, and low-cost pension spending has helped strengthen Britain's international competitiveness and increase the flexibility of the labour market. To promote the British economy as soon as possible out of the shadow of the European debt crisis. Through the market-oriented reform, the relationship between the government, the market and the individual has been changed, and the role of the government has been changed. The government has changed from a leader to a regulator, the market has become the main body of pension operation, and the individual has the main responsibility for his own old-age care. Britain's pension marketization reform has reduced the government's responsibility to provide public pensions, strengthened the role of markets and individuals in the pension system, and transformed the country from a provider to a regulator. Finally, this paper discusses the experience and enlightenment of the successful reform of pension market in Britain to the reform of China's old-age insurance system. First of all, the problems existing in China's old-age insurance system are reviewed. The main problems include slow development of multi-pillar pension system, low coverage rate, low level of overall planning, and the need to improve pension investment management, etc., through the use of the three-dimensional model, From the three aspects of state power, market mechanism and social individual power, this paper probes into the emphasis of pension reform in China lies in the rational positioning of government responsibility, giving full play to the market and individual forces, and building and perfecting the multi-pillar pension system. On the basis of the successful reform experience in Britain, this paper explores the old-age insurance construction road in line with the national conditions of our country.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F841.3

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