基于金融分权视角的我国新型农村金融机构改革分析

发布时间：2018-02-04 20:49

本文关键词： 农村金融改革金融分权新型农村金融机构　出处：《西南财经大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：纵观我国农村金融30余年的改革,政府主导型的外生性金融扩展一直是农村金融改革的主线和方向。既有的改革举措表明,政府一直试图通过行政力量来扩展农村金融服务体系,以此来解决农村金融供给不足的问题,但是效果始终不尽如人意。为此从2006年起,政府开始转变改革思路,希望通过引导和扶持农村内生性金融组织的成长来解决农村金融困境,新型农村金融机构的出现即是该思路下的重要尝试。2006年底,政府降低了农村金融市场的进入门槛,开展新型农村金融机构的试点工作,引导各类资本到农村设立新型农村金融机构,并于2009年制定了《新型农村金融机构2009-2011年总体工作安排》,计划力争通过三年的努力,再设立1300家左右新型农村金融机构,优先设立在我国农村金融市场落后的中西部地区,实现我国农村金融空白地区的全覆盖1。新一轮的农村金融改革,其背后的经济逻辑是：即政府在多次试图通过对传统农村金融机构的存量改革来破解中国农村金融的发展难题却屡遭失败后,转而寄希望于通过“增量培育”的“边际式”改革来探索出一条新的发展道路。具有独特信息优势的新型农村金融机构成为了政府进一步改善农村金融环境的新希望。按照改革政策设计的初衷,“内生于”农村本地的新型农村金融机构,能够充分利用对地方“软信息”的掌握来降低交易成本和鉴别风险,确保信贷资金在农村本地的内部流转,满足农户和农村中小企业的信贷需求,增加“三农”领域信贷资金的供给。更进一步地,最理想的情况是在相关政策的引导下逐渐地“内生”出一批既满足现代农村市场经济发展需求,又具有自我可持续发展能力的金融机构(组织)体系。新型农村金融机构的改革实践,是从供给主体角度改善农村金融市场困境的一次有益尝试,从目前的发展情况来看,取得了一定的成功,对农村经济增长产生了越来越明显的积极影响,在一定程度上填补了部分农村地区的金融服务空白,拓展了农村金融市场覆盖的广度和深度,并且对完善农村金融市场起到了积极的探索和实践作用。在理论分析部分,本文基于新型农村金融机构与传统农村金融机构的博弈模型,分析了新型农村金融机构的不断设立对农村金融市场的影响。以村镇银行、资金互助社和小额贷款公司为代表的新型农村金融机构将与以农业银行、农村信用社为代表的传统农村金融机构在农村信贷客户资源上展开竞争。分析表明新型农村金融机构在与传统农村金融机构竞争那些具有高信用等级和较大规模贷款需求的优质客户时无明显优势；而进一步细分,村镇银行和农村信用社将会在那些具有相对较高信用等级和贷款需求规模中等的客户资源领域展开激烈竞争；农村资金互助社和小额贷款公司贷款能够满足那些缺少抵押担保物、贷款需求规模小的客户的融资需求。新型农村金融机构能够充分利用对地方“软信息”的掌握进行金融业务的创新活动,与传统农村金融机构展开差异化的竞争。新型农村金融机构从创新产品中的获得的利润越高,其从事金融创新业务的积极性越高。接着本文进一步阐释了,新型农村金融机构的创新活动对促进农村经济增长、提高农民收入水平产生的积极影响及其各经济主体之间的相互作用机理。随着新型农村金融机构在农村地区的大量涌现,以及其开展的金融业务创新活动,打破了原来由农业银行、农村信用社等垄断农村金融市场的不利局面,提高了农村金融市场的竞争程度,充分竞争降低了农村地区的贷款利率,减轻了农民和农村中小企业的融资成本,增加和丰富了农村金融产品的数量和种类。同时,新型农村金融机构开展创新业务的能力越强,则其提供差异化的金融服务的能力越强,能为农村金融市场上不同层次的需求主体提供多样性的金融产品和服务,拓展了农村金融市场的广度和深度,使得更多的农民和农村小微企业从中受益,为解决“三农”问题提供强大助力。最后本文的实证研究结果表明,新型农村金融机构的培育对农民收入增长有正的促进作用,从而为总结新型农村金融机构的成功经验和进一步在全国范围内进行推广提供了实证支持。本文的结论如下：第一,新型农村金融机构改革的政策出台,降低了到农村地区设立金融机构的准入门槛,新型农村金融机构在农村地区地大量涌现,有利于降低农村地区银行业的集中程度,提高农村金融市场的竞争程度,充分竞争有助于降低了农村贷款利率水平,减轻了农民和农村中小企业的融资成本,增加农村金融产品的数量和种类,加快推动农村经济增长。第二,“内生于”农村本地区的新型农村金融机构能够充分利用对地方“软信息”的掌握和自身的信息技术优势进行金融业务的创新活动,为农村金融市场上不同层次的需求主体提供多样性的金融产品和服务,与传统农村金融机构展开差异化的竞争,提高了农村地区的金融支持水平,拓展了农村金融市场覆盖地广度和深度。文章的具体结构如下：第一章,是本文的引言部分,具体包括选题背景,研究的目的和意义,国内外研究现状,研究的思路和框架以及所用到的研究方法。第二章,我国农村金融体制改革历程回顾。从连续的历史视角回顾和梳理了我国农村金融改革的历程。接着分析了“财政分权——金融集权”基本框架下的金融分权趋向。最后详细介绍当前我国农村金融市场的基本格局以及新型农村金融机构的发展现状。第三章,我国农村金融改革背后的经济逻辑：基于金融分权视角的分析。从政府主导的正规金融部门改革和自发性的非正规金融部门改革两方面展开,通过我国农村金融体制分权式改革中各利益主体之间的相互作用和影响,对农村正规金融改革和非正规金融改革之间的差异进行了分析。第四章,新型农村金融机构的培育对农村金融市场的影响分析。首先构建了一个包含两种不同类型的金融机构的博弈模型,其次理论研究了新型农村金融机构进入农村金融市场后对市场中各经济主体的影响以及各经济主体之间相互作用的机理,及由此给本地区经济增长和农民收入增长带来的积极影响。第五章,是文章的实证部分。本章在前文理论分析的基础上,通过构建了一个描述农村金融支持与农民收入增长之间关系的计量模型。并利用全国25个省份从1995年至2012年的面板数据进行实证检验,结果表明新型农村金融机构的培育提高了农村金融支持水平,对农民收入水平的提高有正的促进作用。从而为总结新型农村金融机构的成功经验和进一步在全国范围内进行推广提供了实证支持。第六章,是本文的结论、建议与展望部分。首先按照文章的逻辑结构总结了本文的主要观点。其次分别从政策扶持、外部环境建设、金融创新支持、组织管理完善等方面有针对性地提出了深化农村金融改革的政策建议。最后指出了本文研究过程中存在的不足之处以及说明了未来的改进方向。当然本文也存在许多不足。例如,本文没有对农村金融市场中的相关微观经济主体的行为进行具体观察分析,限于微观数据的缺乏,仅仅分析了新型农村金融机构对相关经济主体的一般性宏观影响。也没有对新型农村金融机构的进行实地调查,和对一些实务中出现的具有代表性的制度、产品和服务创新做进一步的分析和总结。这些不足有待笔者在今后的研究中做改进。
[Abstract]:The reform of rural finance in China for more than 30 years, the government dominated the exogenous financial expansion has been the main line and the direction of rural financial reform. The reform measures show that the government has been trying to expand the rural financial service system through the administrative power, in order to solve the problem of insufficient supply of rural finance, but the results are not always satisfactory. So since 2006, the government began to reform changes, hope to solve the rural financial difficulties through the guidance and support of rural financial organizations endogenous growth, the emergence of new rural financial institutions is an important attempt to.2006 the way of the end, the government reduced the rural financial market entry barriers, to carry out the pilot work of new rural financial institutions the guide all kinds of capital to the establishment of new rural financial institutions in rural areas, and in 2009 formulated the "new rural financial institutions 2009-2011 years overall. To make arrangements, we plan to strive to establish 1300 new rural financial institutions through three years' efforts. First, we will set priorities in China's rural financial market, and achieve the full coverage of China's rural financial blank areas. 1.
The new round of rural financial reform, the economic logic behind it is that the government in many attempts to development problems through the traditional rural financial institution reform to break China rural finance has been repeatedly failed, and in the hope that "incremental training" and "marginal" reform to explore a new the development of the road. The new rural financial institutions has a unique advantage of the information has become the new hope that the government to further improve the rural financial environment. According to the reform policy of the original intention of the design, the "new rural financial institutions within the rural local, can make full use of local soft information control to reduce transaction costs and risk identification, ensure the local rural credit funds in the internal circulation, meet the needs of farmers and rural SMEs credit demand, increase the" three rural "areas of the supply of credit funds. Further, the most Under the guidance of relevant policies, the ideal situation is gradually producing a number of financial institutions (Organization) systems that meet the needs of modern rural market economic development and have the capacity of self sustainable development.
Reform and practice of the new rural financial institutions is a beneficial attempt to improve the plight of the rural financial market from the supply perspective, the current development situation, and has achieved some success, produced positive effect more and more obvious to the rural economic growth, to a certain extent, fill in the blank of financial services in rural areas and expand the breadth and depth of coverage of the rural financial market, and to improve the rural financial market has played a positive role in exploration and practice.
In the part of theoretical analysis, the game model of new rural financial institutions and the traditional rural financial institutions based on the analysis of the establishment of new rural financial institutions continue to impact on the rural financial market. The rural banks, the new type of rural financial institutions fund cooperatives and microfinance company as the representative of the will and the Agricultural Bank, the traditional rural finance mechanism of rural credit cooperatives as the representative of the competition in rural credit customer resources. Analysis shows that the new rural financial institutions in rural financial institutions and the traditional competition with high credit rating and larger loan demand high quality customers without obvious advantage; and further subdivided, rural banks and rural credit cooperatives will be in those with relatively high credit grade and scale of the secondary loan demand customer resources competition; the rural fund cooperatives and microfinance. Our loans can meet the lack of collateral, loan demand small customer financing needs. The new rural financial institutions to make full use of the local master "soft information" of the financial business innovation activities, carry out differentiated competition with the traditional rural financial institutions. The new rural financial institutions from innovative products in the the higher the profit, which actively engages in the business of financial innovation is higher.
Then the paper further explains that the new rural financial institutions innovative activities to promote rural economic growth, the interaction mechanism between the positive influence and improve the income level of farmers and produce various economic entities. With the new rural financial institutions in rural areas are flooded, and the development of financial business innovation, breaking the original by agriculture the bank, the unfavorable situation of rural credit cooperatives and other rural financial market monopoly, improve the degree of competition in rural financial market, full competition reduces the rural loan interest rate, reduce the farmers and rural small and medium-sized enterprise financing cost, increase and enrich the quantity and types of rural financial products. At the same time, the new rural financial institutions business innovation is stronger, the ability to provide differentiated financial services more strong, to the rural financial market with different levels of demand The main body provides diversified financial products and services, expanding the breadth and depth of the rural financial market, enabling more farmers and rural small and micro businesses to benefit from it, providing a powerful support for solving the "three rural issues".
Finally, the empirical research results show that the cultivation of new rural financial institutions has a positive role in promoting the growth of farmers' income, thus providing empirical support for the successful experience of new rural financial institutions and further promotion in the whole country.
The conclusions of this paper are as follows: first, the new rural financial institutions reform policies to reduce rural areas set up barriers to entry of financial institutions, the emergence of a large number of new rural financial institutions in rural areas, to reduce the degree of concentration of the banking sector in rural areas, improve the degree of competition in rural financial market, full competition will help reduce the rural loan interest rates, reduce the farmers and rural small and medium-sized enterprise financing cost, increase the number and types of rural financial products, accelerate rural economic growth. Second, the "new rural financial institutions in rural areas in" this can make full use of information technology to the local "soft information" and their own master the financial business innovation activities, provide a variety of financial products and services for the rural financial market needs of different levels of subject, and the traditional rural areas The differential competition of financial institutions has raised the level of financial support in rural areas and expanded the breadth and depth of rural financial markets.
The concrete structure of the article is as follows:
The first chapter is the introduction part, including the background, the purpose and significance of the research, the research situation at home and abroad, the train of thought and framework, and the research methods used.
The second chapter reviews the reform process of China's rural financial system. From the historical perspective of continuous review and combing the history of China's rural financial reform. Then analyzes the tendency of "fiscal decentralization, financial centralization" of the basic framework of financial decentralization. The current situation of the development of the basic pattern of the current market of China's rural finance and new rural financial institutions at the end of the paper in detail.
The third chapter, the economic logic behind the reform of rural finance in China: Analysis Based on the perspective of financial decentralization. From two aspects of government led the formal financial sector reform and spontaneous informal financial sector reform, through the interaction and influence between the various stakeholders in China's rural financial system of decentralization reform, the differences between the rural the formal and informal financial reform and financial reform are analyzed.
The fourth chapter, analysis of the impact of the cultivation of new rural financial institutions in rural financial market. Firstly constructs a game model contains two different types of financial institutions, the interaction mechanism between the theory of new rural financial institutions in the rural financial market impact on various economic entities in the market and the economic subject thus, and positive influence to economic growth in the region and farmers' income growth brings.
The fifth chapter is the empirical part of the article. Based on the previous theoretical analysis in this chapter, through the construction of a description of the relationship between the growth of rural financial support and farmers' income measurement model. And using panel data of 25 provinces of China from 1995 to 2012, the empirical test results show that the cultivation of new rural financial institutions to improve the rural financial support level has a positive effect on the improvement of farmers' income level. So as to summarize the successful experience of the new rural financial institutions nationwide and further provide empirical support for promotion.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion of this paper, suggestions and prospects. Firstly, according to the logic structure of this article summarizes the main viewpoints of this thesis. Second, from the external environment, policy support, financial support for innovation, perfect organization and management aspects are proposed to deepen rural financial reform policy recommendations. Finally, points out the shortcomings in the course of this study as well as the direction of future improvement.
Of course, this paper also has many deficiencies. For example, detailed observation and analysis of the behavior was not related to the microscopic economic subject of the rural financial market, limited to the lack of micro data, only analysis the general macroeconomic impact on related economic subject of new rural financial institutions. There is no sound on the new rural financial institutions conduct on-the-spot investigation, and for some practice in the representative system, the innovation of products and services to do a thorough analysis and summary. The author makes these shortcomings to be improved in future research.

【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.35

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