兰州市城镇居民用水阶梯定价及其有效性研究

发布时间：2018-01-05 20:31

本文关键词：兰州市城镇居民用水阶梯定价及其有效性研究　出处：《兰州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来,兰州市水资源供求矛盾日益凸显,已经成为全国110个严重缺水型城市之一,同时居民生活用水总量占城市总用水量的比重也不断提高,因此居民节约用水势必是城市节约用水的关键领域。水价是调节居民用水需求的主要手段之一,而且阶梯水价改革已成为中央政府的硬性要求,因此如何制定行之有效的阶梯水价政策,以达到节约用水、补偿成本和促进公平的目标,就成为兰州市需要面临的重要课题。首先,在综述国内外水价研究文献的基础上,对居民用水定价的相关理论进行了系统梳理。其次,从兰州市居民用水需求的变化、水价体系的演变等方面分析了兰州市居民生活用水的现状。再次,根据建立的ELES模型分析不同收入群体对水价的支付能力,并运用给出的阶梯参数估计方法,测算了兰州市各阶梯水价和水量。最后从节水效果和公平性的角度对阶梯水价的有效性进行了定量分析。本文得出了以下主要结论：(1)低水价和单一水价模式是兰州市居民生活浪费较大,高收入用水户奢侈性用水较多的重要原因之一。(2)从边际消费倾向、水费支出水平、收入弹性和居民基本生活用水需求等角度说明了兰州市在调整居民用水价格时,要充分考虑低收入家庭,甚至需要通过用水补贴等方式来保证低收入群体的基本用水需求,同时必须拉大不同阶梯的水价差距,尤其是第三阶梯水价与第一、二阶梯水价的差距,以激励高收入家庭节约用水。(3)本文所测算的阶梯水价方案在节水效果方面是有效的,但未能促进社会公平,主要表现在：第一,实施阶梯水价后,居民年人均节水量为6.4吨,节水效果明显；第二,阶梯水价政策虽然能够实现了不同用水户间的绝对公平,但却未能促进不同收入用水户之间的相对公平。而为了实现促进社会公平的目标,兰州市在推行居民阶梯水价时,需要建立如低收入家庭用水补贴制度等公平保障机制。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in Lanzhou has become increasingly prominent, has become one of the 110 serious water shortage cities in China, and the proportion of the total water consumption of residents in the total water consumption of the city is also increasing. Water price is one of the main means to adjust the water demand of residents, and the step water price reform has become the hard requirement of the central government. Therefore, how to formulate effective ladder water price policy in order to achieve the goal of saving water, compensating cost and promoting fairness has become an important subject that Lanzhou needs to face. On the basis of summarizing the domestic and foreign water price research literature, this paper systematically combs the related theories of residents' water pricing. Secondly, from the changes of the residents' water demand in Lanzhou. The evolution of water price system and other aspects of the analysis of Lanzhou residents living water status. Thirdly, according to the established ELES model to analyze the different income groups to pay for water price. The method of step parameter estimation is given. The step water price and quantity of water in Lanzhou are calculated. Finally, the effectiveness of step water price is quantitatively analyzed from the point of view of water saving effect and equity. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: 1). Low water price and single water price model is a big waste of life in Lanzhou. One of the important reasons for the luxury water consumption of high-income water users is the marginal propensity to consume and the expenditure level of water charges. Income elasticity and residents' basic domestic water demand and other angles explain that Lanzhou should fully consider low-income families when adjusting the price of water for residents. Even through water subsidies and other ways to ensure the basic water demand of low-income groups, at the same time, we must widen the water price gap between different ladder, especially the third step water price and the first, second step water price gap. In order to encourage high-income families to save water. 3) the step water price scheme calculated in this paper is effective in water saving effect, but it can not promote social equity. The main performance is: first, after the implementation of stepped water price. The per capita water saving capacity of residents is 6.4 tons per year, and the effect of saving water is obvious. Second, although the ladder water price policy can achieve absolute equity among different water users, it fails to promote the relative equity among different income water users, and in order to achieve the goal of promoting social equity. It is necessary to establish a fair protection mechanism such as the water subsidy system for low-income households when implementing the ladder water price in Lanzhou.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F299.24;F726

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