日本加入TPP对农业的影响
发布时间:2018-04-10 12:20
本文选题:TPP + 日本 ; 参考:《东北师范大学》2015年硕士论文
【摘要】:在日本已签署的12个区域贸易协定(RTA)中,日本长期以来坚持对农业实施高关税及非关税壁垒等贸易保护政策。而美国致力于将TPP建立为21世纪高水平的具有里程碑意义的伙伴关系协定,TPP对货物的贸易自由化要求程度很高,超越了传统意义的自由贸易协定(FTA)。而且TPP成员国包括新西兰、澳大利亚、美国、加拿大等日本农产品的主要进口国,日本加入TPP将给农业的发展带来巨大挑战。但是基于对政治、经济等多方面的综合考量,日本政府参与了TPP谈判。日本加入TPP很可能面临被迫开放农业市场的问题,而农业相对于其他产业而言更加具有重要的战略地位,因此研究日本加入TPP对农业的影响是非常有现实意义的。本文首先介绍研究背景,并提出研究问题,综述国内外的研究现状,介绍相关理论。其次,介绍日本农业的特征和保护政策,详细阐述与农业相关的TPP谈判领域及其谈判进展。最后,根据TPP谈判进展,着重分析日本加入TPP对农业的影响途径,日本加入TPP对重点农产品的价格以及对生产者和消费者产生的福利影响。日本加入TPP,面临着撤销农产品的关税及非关税壁垒的挑战。这将导致日本农产品的进口数量增加,国内生产数量减少,国内消费数量增加,同时市场价格下降。如果日本取消农产品的出口补贴政策,那么政府收入、国内消费者剩余将增加,而生产者剩余将减少,甚至高成本、低效率的出口企业将可能被迫退出生产活动。关于大米、小麦,如果日本加入TPP后,日本分别对大米、小麦保持目前的进口配额和配额外的关税不变,并分别对11个TPP成员国设立“近10万吨”为上限的零关税进口配额,那么这相当于对进口配额进行重新分配,国内大米、小麦市场受到的影响甚微,并且仍有时间和机遇去进行改革与发展。关于牛肉,如果来自于澳大利亚与美国的牛肉的进口关税税率同时下调至10%,那么牛肉价格下降,消费者剩余增加,进口数量也会增加,国内生产量萎缩,极有可能导致牛肉生产从业者将减少。关于猪肉,如果日本加入TPP,且日本对低价进口猪肉由采取差额关税制度改为实行从量税制度,对每千克猪肉统一征收五十日元的关税,且高价格猪肉的进口关税不变,那么猪肉的进口量增加,可能扰乱日本国内猪肉市场,甚至影响国内的食品安全。如果日本政府及时采取紧急进口限制措施,国内牛肉、猪肉市场将不会受到严重影响。关于乳制品,如果日本继续实施关税配额制,降低或者撤销配额内的乳制品关税,那么日本政府税收将减少,乳制品价格将降低,国内消费者剩余增加。关于糖料作物,日本有可能将其作为例外项目,坚持不降低关税。因此日本国内糖料作物将不会受到较大影响。
[Abstract]:Among the 12 RTAs that Japan has signed, Japan has long insisted on trade protection policies such as high tariffs and non-tariff barriers to agriculture.The United States is committed to establishing the TPP as a high level of landmark partnership agreement in the 21st century.TPP members include New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Canada and other major importers of Japanese agricultural products, Japan's accession to the TPP will bring huge challenges to agricultural development.But based on political and economic considerations, the Japanese government participated in the TPP negotiations.Japan's entry into the TPP is likely to face the problem of being forced to open up the agricultural market, and agriculture has a more important strategic position than other industries, so it is of great practical significance to study the impact of Japan's entry into TPP on agriculture.This paper first introduces the research background, and puts forward the research issues, summarizes the current research situation at home and abroad, and introduces the relevant theories.Secondly, the characteristics and protection policies of Japanese agriculture are introduced, and the fields and progress of TPP negotiations related to agriculture are described in detail.Finally, according to the progress of TPP negotiations, the paper analyzes the influence of Japan's entry into TPP on agriculture, the price of key agricultural products and the welfare of producers and consumers.Japan's entry into TPPfaces the challenge of removing tariff and non-tariff barriers on agricultural products.This will lead to higher imports of agricultural products, lower domestic production, higher domestic consumption and lower market prices.If Japan removes export subsidies for agricultural products, government revenues, domestic consumer surpluses will increase, and producer surpluses will decrease, even at high costs, and inefficient exporters may be forced out of production.With regard to rice and wheat, if Japan joins the TPP, Japan will maintain the current import quotas and tariffs on wheat, and establish a zero tariff import quota of "nearly 100000 tons" for each of the 11 TPP member countries.Well, this is tantamount to redistributing import quotas. The domestic rice and wheat markets have little impact, and there is still time and opportunity for reform and development.With regard to beef, if the import duty rate on beef from Australia and the United States were lowered to 10 at the same time, then the price of beef would fall, the consumer surplus would increase, the amount of imports would increase, and domestic production would shrink.It is highly likely that the number of beef producers will be reduced.With regard to pork, if Japan joins TPPand Japan changes its tariff system from a differential tariff system to an ad valorem duty system for imported pork at a low price, it will impose a uniform tariff of 50 yen per kilogram of pork, and the import duty on high-priced pork will remain unchanged.The increase in pork imports could disrupt the domestic pork market and even affect food safety.If the Japanese government takes emergency import restrictions in time, the domestic beef and pork markets will not be seriously affected.With regard to dairy products, if Japan continues to implement tariff quotas to reduce or abolish tariffs on dairy products within the quota, then the Japanese government will reduce taxes, dairy products prices will fall, and domestic consumer surplus will increase.With regard to sugar crops, Japan is likely to make the exception, insisting not to cut tariffs.As a result, domestic sugar crops in Japan will not be greatly affected.
【学位授予单位】:东北师范大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2015
【分类号】:F753.13;F331.3
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