欧盟技术贸易壁垒对中国玩具出口的影响及对策研究

发布时间：2019-06-18 20:55

【摘要】：随着贸易保护主义的不断发展,传统的国际贸易保护手段受到国际贸易规则的限制和约束,关税壁垒逐步被削减,非关税壁垒也正在逐步被取消。然而,《世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协议》中关于技术贸易壁垒使用的例外条款和一些特殊规定,使技术贸易壁垒成为当今国际贸易中最主要和应用最广泛的贸易保护工具。欧盟作为中国第二大玩具出口目标国,是技术性贸易壁垒的主要发源地之一,其最新发布的《欧盟新玩具安全指令》(2009/48/EC)于2011年7月20日正式实施,提高了玩具的市场准入门槛,使中国玩具出口企业面临严峻的生存考验。本文基于技术贸易壁垒的特点分析及中国玩具产业的发展现状,结合欧盟新玩具安全指令,评价技术贸易壁垒对中国玩具产业的影响,力图探索中国玩具出口欧盟市场的竞争策略,进而探索一条适合中国玩具产业可持续发展的道路。本文第一章为绪论,介绍了整个论文的研究背景、研究目的以及文献综述。国内外的研究现状和发展趋势为本文写作提供了理论支持。论文第二章介绍了技术贸易壁垒的相关理论。目前技术贸易壁垒并没有统一的定义,但根据《世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协议》宗旨和原则,可以概括出技术贸易壁垒是指一国政府或非政府机构,以保证其出口产品的质量,或保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康,保护环境,或防止欺诈行为为由,制定的一系列强制性或非强制性的技术性措施,包括技术法规和标准,以及合格评定程序。由于本文主要研究欧盟技术贸易壁垒对中国玩具出口的影响,第二章还主要阐述了欧盟技术贸易壁垒的起源、表现形式和特点。随着欧盟各国经济技术水平的提高,人们对产品的质量和安全要求也越来越高,发达国家以保证产品质量、保护消费者安全和健康以及环境为由,凭借与发展中国家存在的技术差距设置技术贸易壁垒,达到维护国内经济利益、保护区域内产业发展的目的。也正是由于经济全球化和贸易自由化程度的进一步加深,关税壁垒和传统的非关税壁垒被各国所摒弃,而技术贸易壁垒凭借其合理性、隐蔽性、广泛性等特点,成为世界各国广泛应用的贸易保护工具。第三章对中国玩具出口现状及遭受的欧盟技术性贸易进行详细分析。第三章第一部分从四个方面分析了中国玩具出口的现状。就出口贸易额而言,近十年来中国玩具出口保持着稳定增长的趋势。只有在2008年增长缓慢,2009年出现了出口贸易额下滑,究其原因是上文提及的外部环境共同造成的,包括频繁发生的玩具召回事件,全球金融危机以及欧盟发布的《欧盟新玩具安全指令》。就出口市场而言,中国玩具出口多年来一直集中在少数发达国家和地区,包括美国、欧盟、日本等,占据了中国玩具出口贸易额60%以上。而以上发达国家也正好是技术贸易壁垒制定、实施的主体,这决定了中国玩具出口将难以避免的遭遇到技术贸易壁垒。就贸易方式而言,以加工贸易方式出口在中国玩具出口中仍占相当大的比例,但近年来呈现下降的趋势。加工贸易方式出口一方面企业能够迅速的进入国际市场,另一方面企业只能够赚取廉价的加工费,玩具产业链附加值高的环节都被国外企业所掌,同时也主要生产科技含量低的产品,难以进行技术创新。就出口产地而言,中国玩具出口主要集中在广东、浙江、江苏、上海、山东和福建,以上省市的出口贸易额占中国玩具出口贸易总额的90%以上。从地理位置上看,这些地区均为中国南部南海经济发达地区,交通便利、劳动力成本低、对外开放程度较高,有利于中国玩具出口企业的发展。第三章第二部分阐述了中国玩具出口遭遇欧盟技术贸易壁垒的现状。根据《世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒协议》中提到的技术贸易壁垒的表现形式,本文主要从欧盟的技术法规、技术标准以及合格评定程序三个方面展现中国玩具出口遇到的技术贸易壁垒。技术法规是必须强制性执行的有关产品特性或其相关工艺和生产方法,主要以指令的形式颁布。通过列举欧盟有关玩具产品的技术法规和指令,可以看出欧盟技术贸易壁垒体系的广泛性、复杂性和严苛性。技术标准指经公认机构批准的、非强制执行的、供通用或重复使用的产品或相关工艺和生产方法,主要以协调标准的形式颁布。协调标准是中国玩具制造商证明产品符合指令基本要求的一种工具,也就是说,符合协调标准的产品即可在欧盟市场流通。目前欧盟所制定的主要玩具协调标准包括玩具的机械与物理性能、燃烧性能、特定元素迁移、有机化合物限量、玩具电气安全、玩具的标识(年龄警告)等。合格评定程序是指任何直接或间接方式确定产品是否符合相关要求的活动。玩具产品涉及到的合格评定程序分为两大类,分别通过欧盟“第三方指定机构”进行EC型式试验,或由制造商自行验证,从而获得CE标志,进入欧盟市场自由流通。论文第四章对欧盟技术贸易壁垒对中国玩具出口的影响及中国玩具产品遭遇技术贸易壁垒的原因进行了分析。技术贸易壁垒对中国玩具出口的影响有消极和积极两个方面。短期来看,欧盟技术贸易壁垒造成产品生产成本的增加,市场准入门槛提高以及中国玩具产品形象受损。但从长期来看,欧盟技术贸易壁垒在加快中国技术法规、标准和合格评定程序的制定和实施,促进玩具企业的技术改造和产品升级,推动了对玩具消费者利益保护方面发挥了重要作用。对于欧盟技术贸易壁垒产生机制的分析是从国外和国内两个角度分别展开的。随着金融危机后尤其是欧洲各国经济恢复缓慢,贸易保护主义蔓延以保护本国产业发展,缓解社会矛盾。同时,欧盟作为中国玩具产品的第二大出口市场,也是技术贸易壁垒的发源地。过多对单一市场的依赖以及欧盟成熟的技术法规、标准体系,造成了中国难以避免欧盟技术贸易壁垒。加之发达国家生活水平的提高,消费者对玩具这一特殊产品的要求也越来越高。国内因素主要存在于以下方面：中国玩具产业结构不合理,主要生产技术含量低的产品,缺乏品牌创新,难以提高技术水平,因此难以达到欧盟设置的较高的技术标准。其次中国国内关于玩具的技术法规体系不健全,技术标准低于欧盟的规定,使得中国玩具企业出口后频繁因为质量问题遭遇欧盟的召回和通报。再者,企业缺乏标准意识及应对技术贸易壁垒的经验,防范意识薄弱都使得中国玩具企业容易遭遇欧盟技术贸易壁垒。论文第五章针对中国玩具出口遭遇欧盟技术贸易壁垒的现状和原因,从政府、行业协会、企业三个层面提出了应对的措施。政府应当发挥引导作用,建立健全中国玩具相关的技术标准体系,并加快与国际标准接轨；建立技术贸易壁垒预警体系,尽量避免企业可能遭受的损失；引导玩具产业结构调整,转变当前玩具出口以加工贸易为主要方式的现状。行业协会则应当发挥联系政府企业的中介作用,积极参与国内玩具行业标准的制定,向政府反映企业的建议；督促企业出口秩序,设定行业内最低限价以保证规范有序的竞争；追踪欧盟技术贸易壁垒动态,协助企业应对技术贸易壁垒引起的贸易摩擦及纠纷；建立合作交流机制,达到促进与国外玩具企业沟通交流并推广中国玩具产品的目的。企业应当发挥应对欧盟技术贸易壁垒主体作用,通过技术创新,提高产品的科技含量；加强对欧盟技术法规和标准体系的了解,树立标准意识；熟悉并利用wTO规则,积极应对欧盟技术贸易壁垒,维护自身合法权益；拓宽产品市场,降低出口目标市场集中给中国玩具企业造成的风险。
[Abstract]:With the development of trade protectionism, the traditional international trade protection measures are restricted and constrained by the international trade rules, and the tariff is gradually reduced, and the non-tariff barriers are being phased out. However, the exception clause and some special provisions on the use of technology trade barriers in the Trade and Technical Barriers to Trade of the World Trade Organization (WTO) make the technology trade barriers the most important and most widely used trade protection tool in international trade today. The EU, as the target of China's second-largest toy export, is one of the main sources of technical barriers to trade. The latest version of the European Union New Toy Safety Directive (2009/48/ EC) was formally implemented on July 20,2011, raising the market access threshold for toys. China's toy export enterprises are facing a severe challenge. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the technology trade barrier and the present situation of the development of the Chinese toy industry, this paper, combined with the European Union's new toy safety instruction, evaluates the influence of the technology trade barrier on the Chinese toy industry, and tries to explore the competition strategy of China's toy export EU market. And further explore a road suitable for the sustainable development of the Chinese toy industry. The first chapter is the introduction, introduces the research background, the research purpose and the literature review of the whole thesis. The present situation and development trend of the research at home and abroad provide theoretical support for the writing of this paper. The second chapter introduces the theory of technology trade barrier. At present, there is no uniform definition of the technology trade barrier, but according to the WTO Agreement on Trade and Technical Barriers, it can be summarized that the technical trade barrier refers to a government or a non-governmental organization of a country to ensure the quality of its export products, or to protect human beings, The life or health of an animal or plant, the protection of the environment, or the prevention of fraud is a series of mandatory or non-mandatory technical measures, including technical regulations and standards, as well as conformity assessment procedures. This paper mainly studies the effect of EU technology trade barrier on China's toy export, and the second chapter mainly discusses the origin, manifestation and characteristics of EU's technical trade barrier. With the improvement of the economic technology level of the countries in the European Union, the quality and safety requirements of the products are also higher and higher. The developed countries have set the technical barriers to trade with the technical gap existing in the developing countries by ensuring the quality of the products, protecting the safety and health of the consumers and the environment. And the purpose of maintaining domestic economic benefits and protecting the industrial development in the region is achieved. It is also because of the further deepening of the economic globalization and the degree of trade liberalization, the tariff and the traditional non-tariff barriers are abandoned by the countries, and the technical trade barriers have become the most widely used trade protection tools in the world by virtue of its rationality, concealment and universality. The third chapter analyzes the present situation of China's toy exports and the technical trade of the EU. The first part of the third chapter analyses the present situation of China's toy export from four aspects. In the case of export trade, China's toy exports have maintained a steady growth in the last decade. Only by the slow pace of growth in 2008, the decline in the volume of exports in 2009 is due to the common effects of the external environment referred to above, including the frequent toy recall events, the global financial crisis and the European Union New Toy Safety Directive issued by the European Union. As far as the export market is concerned, China's toy exports have been concentrated in a few developed countries and regions for years, including the United States, the European Union, Japan and so on, occupying more than 60% of the trade volume of Chinese toys. The above developed countries are also the subject of the development and implementation of the technology trade barriers, which determines that China's toy exports will be difficult to avoid the technical barriers to trade. In that case of trade, the export of the export of processing trade still account for a considerable proportion in the export of Chinese toys, but there has been a downward trend in recent years. On the one hand, enterprises can enter the international market rapidly on the one hand, and on the other hand, enterprises can only earn low-cost processing fees, and the links of the value-added value of the toy industry chain are held by foreign enterprises, and the products with low technology content are also mainly produced, and the technology innovation is difficult to be carried out. In terms of export origin, China's toy exports are mainly concentrated in Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shandong and Fujian, and the export volume of China's provinces and cities accounts for more than 90% of the total export trade of China's toys. From the geographical location, these areas are the developed areas of the South China Sea in the south of China. The traffic is convenient, the labor cost is low, the opening to the outside is high, which is beneficial to the development of Chinese toy export enterprises. The second part of the third chapter expounds the current situation of China's toy export in the EU technical trade barrier. According to the manifestation of the technology trade barriers mentioned in the Trade and Technical Barrier Agreement of the World Trade Organization, this paper presents the technical barriers to the export of China's toys from the three aspects of the EU's technical regulations, technical standards and the process of conformity assessment. The technical regulations are relevant product characteristics that must be enforced or their related processes and methods of production, which are mainly enacted in the form of instructions. By listing the EU's technical regulations and directives on toy products, it can be seen that the EU's technology trade barrier system is wide, complex and demanding. The technical standards refer to the products or related processes and production methods approved by recognized institutions for general purpose or repeated use, and shall be promulgated mainly in the form of coordination standards. The coordination standard is a tool for Chinese toy manufacturers to prove that the products meet the basic requirements of the directive, that is, the products that meet the coordination standards can be circulated in the EU market. The major toy coordination standards currently developed by the European Union include the mechanical and physical properties of the toy, the combustion performance, the specific element migration, the organic compound limit, the toy's electrical safety, the identification of the toy (age warning), and the like. The conformity assessment procedure means any activity that determines whether the product is in compliance with the relevant requirements in any direct or indirect manner. The conformity assessment procedures involved in the toy products are divided into two categories: EC type test through EU "third-party appointing authority", or self-verification by the manufacturer, so as to obtain the CE mark and enter the European Union market for free circulation. In the fourth chapter, the paper analyzes the effect of EU technology trade barrier on China's toy export and the technical barriers to China's toy products. The effect of technology trade barrier on the export of Chinese toys has negative and positive aspects. In the short term, the EU's technical barriers to trade have led to an increase in the production costs of the products, an increase in market access thresholds, and the damage to the image of the Chinese toy products. However, in the long term, the EU technical trade barrier has played an important role in speeding up the development and implementation of China's technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures, promoting the technical transformation and product upgrading of the toy enterprises, and promoting the protection of the interests of the toy consumers. The analysis of the mechanism of the European Union's technical trade barrier is from both foreign and domestic perspectives. In that wake of the financial crisis, especially in Europe, the economic recovery of Europe is slow, and the spread of trade protectionism is to protect the development of the domestic industry and to alleviate the social contradictions. At the same time, the European Union, as the second largest export market for Chinese toy products, is also the source of the technology trade barrier. Too much dependence on a single market, as well as the EU's mature technical regulations and standards, has created China's difficult to avoid the EU's technical barriers to trade. In addition to the improvement of the living standard of the developed countries, the demand of the consumer to the special product of the toy is also higher and higher. The domestic factors mainly exist in the following aspects: the irrational industrial structure of China's toys, the low-tech products of the main production, the lack of brand innovation and the difficulty of raising the technical level, so it is difficult to meet the higher technical standards set by the EU. Second, China's domestic technical regulations and regulations on toys are not sound, and the technical standards are lower than that of the EU, so that the Chinese toy enterprises are frequently subject to the European Union's recall and notification after the export of the Chinese toy enterprises. Moreover, the lack of the standard consciousness of the enterprise and the experience of dealing with the technical barriers to trade, the weakness of the prevention consciousness makes the Chinese toy enterprises vulnerable to the technical trade barriers of the EU. In the fifth chapter, the paper puts forward the measures to deal with the present situation and the reason of the EU's technical trade barrier in China's toy export, and from the government, the trade association and the enterprise. The government should play a leading role, set up and improve the technical standards system related to Chinese toys, and speed up the integration with international standards; set up the early warning system of technology trade barriers and avoid possible losses of enterprises; and guide the structural adjustment of the toy industry. The current situation of changing the current toy outlet to process trade is the main way. The trade association should play an intermediary role with the government enterprises, actively participate in the formulation of domestic toy industry standards, reflect the suggestions of the enterprises to the government, urge the enterprise to export order, set the minimum price in the industry to guarantee the orderly and orderly competition, and track the dynamic of the EU technical trade barriers, Assist the enterprise to deal with the trade friction and disputes arising from the technical barriers to trade; establish a cooperative communication mechanism to promote the communication with the foreign toy enterprises and promote the purpose of the Chinese toy products. The enterprise should play the main role in dealing with the technical trade barriers of the EU, adopt technological innovation, improve the scientific and technological content of the products, strengthen the understanding of the technical regulations and standard systems of the European Union, set up the standard consciousness, be familiar with and use the wTO rules, and actively deal with the technical trade barriers of the EU, Maintain the legitimate rights and interests of China; expand the product market and reduce the risk of the export target market to China's toy enterprises.
【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F426.8;F752.62

【相似文献】