明代武当山风景名胜理法研究

发布时间：2018-01-02 21:45

本文关键词：明代武当山风景名胜理法研究　出处：《北京林业大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：论文以风景园林学的“借景”理论为核心,采用解释性历史研究范式,通过田野调查和实测熟悉武当山水地貌和建筑原址,采用历史文献细读和比较的方法厘清明成祖敕建宫观的基本名称和规模,界定研究范围和对象,在此基础上收集和组织与武当山风景建设相关的明代政治管理、宗教思想、社会生活、游记方志、历史舆图等方面的文献,找出其中共时性和历时性的关联信息,从而通过信息甄别、分析以及宫观建筑环境的复原推测,以叙述和整体的方式进入历史地理、皇权思想、宗教信仰、审美理想等语境,从明旨、问名、立意、相地、布局、理微和余韵等方面解释武当山风景名胜规画和设计的借景理法。论文取得的主要研究成果如下：1.在中国历史发展的前期以及道教发展的早期,武当山区位处于文野之间,交通并非僻远不便,在当时的交通条件下,武当山东面紧邻水路、陆路交通要道,处于中原文化圈的西南边缘,较早进入道教开发名山风景资源的视野,其风景资源的开发和风景名胜建设的发生发展与道教宗教建设历史正相关。研究还发现武当山的祖山为昆仑山,少祖山为终南山,龙脉为秦岭,这和现今部分学者的观点不同,但却与武当道教早期发展历史和武当山历史地理区位相符。2.研究发现明成祖敕建的武当山道教建筑在建筑名号、经济供给、宫观行政事务管理、重要斋醮的规模等级以及历史文献记载等方面有显著差异和类分,基于此指出明永乐间敕建的武当道教建筑总数为36处,有钦定供额的是33处,主要宫观数额的简称为“七宫八观”,解决了目前学界相关争议问题。3.明代武当山风景名胜的建设是朱棣政治、宗教和风景目的下的直接结果,论文认为武当山风景名胜的总体规画以营建真武道场为基本目标,立意于天地人三才合一、儒释道三教合一的“太和”理想,相地问名充分因借“史宜、地宜、人宜”,以真武修仙得道飞升返回天庭的道教故事为线索,基于道教宇宙观和修仙理论按“人间、仙山、天国”的天路历程进行空间布局,体现出“正神在山、三城三境”的空间意象,是世俗皇权、宗教神权的想象、象征空间与真实风景空间的交融和统一。4.研究率先发现武当山总体规画布局蕴含的丹道修炼意象,隐喻着以后天返先天的逆炼成丹模式和周天循行模式,呈现出三维空间的道家修炼内景图；同时发现,象征着“人间”、“仙山”、“天国”的三城三境布局结构,也对应着真武的三种修炼状态,基于此,论文在武当山金殿为何坐西朝东这一长期悬而未决的问题作出了创新性解释。5.研究发现武当山宫观建筑单元的布局表现出继承与创新特点,体现了“人为之美入天然”的设计思想。宫观环境注重风水,藏风聚气的同时与排水避险等工程手段结合。宫观空间布局表现出皇权思想和儒家思想的影响；部分宫观的整体布局形式体现出对真武龟蛇形象的模拟,并有一定修真内景的图示意象,“仙山”景象单元四大正宫的修炼空间体现出全真道标志性的坐圜坐钵特点,是明初武当道教宫观受全真教影响的实证。6.研究发现明中叶以后在全国范围内出现写仿武当风景名胜或兴建真武庙的热潮,并延续到清末,留下了大量以北武当、小武当、赛武当等命名的写仿武当山的全国或地方性风景名胜,其中相当一部分是现今的国家级、省级风景名胜区或文物保护单位。论文认为武当山风景名胜和以其为写仿对象建设的其它风景名胜是有关联性的文化景观现象,对其中相关风景名山进行了初步梳理,研究工作有一定开拓意义。
[Abstract]:Based on the landscape architecture of "borrowed scenery" theory, the interpretation paradigm of historical research, through field investigation and measured the familiar Wudang landscape landscape and construction site, the basic name and size by using the methods of historical literature analysis and comparison of the PCT Uighurian temples Ming emperor, defines the research scope and object, the construction of the Ming Dynasty politics related management, collection and organization and the Wudang Mountains scenic on the basis of religious thoughts, social life, travel records, historical maps and other aspects of the literature, the synchronic and diachronic related information, and through information screening, analysis and temple building environment restoration that enters the historical geography, with narration and the overall style of imperial power thought, religious beliefs, aesthetic ideal of context, from the purpose, ask, conception, phase, layout, management and micro aspects of interpretation with Wudang Mountains scenic planning and design The theories of borrowing method. The main research achievements of this article are as follows: 1. in the early stage of historical development and the development of Taoism China, Wudang Mountain in the wild, traffic inconvenience is not remote, at the time of the traffic conditions, Shandong Wudang surface adjacent to the waterway, road traffic, in the southwest edge of the Central Plains culture circle earlier, enter the Taoist mountains scenery resources development perspective, the scenic resources development and construction of scenic spots and the occurrence and development of Taoist religion construction history is related. The study also found that Wudang Mountains's ancestral mountain Kunlun Mountains, mountain Zhongnanshan Zu, Qinling Mountains dragon, and now part of the different views of scholars, but with the Wudang Taoism early history and history of Wudang Mountains location match.2. found that the Ming emperor Uighurian Wudang Mountains Taoist buildings in the name of economic supply, temple administrative affairs management, heavy To scale and historical records, there are significant differences in zhaijiao and classification, based on the total number of Wudang Taoist buildings that Yongle between Chijian is 36, has authorized the amount for the 33, the main temple amount referred to as "seven house eight", to solve the current academic construction related issues of.3. in the Ming Dynasty Wudang Mountains scenic spot is a direct result of Yongle's political, religious and scenic purposes, the overall planning of Wudang Mountains scenic spot in the construction of Zhenwu temple as the basic goal, on the conception, Sancai, Buddhism and Taoism and the "harmony" ideal, is to ask a full borrow "history should be suitable, people should be" to return to heaven the enlightenment soaring Zhenwu Xiu Taoist story of Taoist cosmology and cultivation theory according to "the world, based on the mountains, pilgrim paradise" of space layout, reflecting the "positive God in the mountain, the three city space image three aspects ", is a secular imperial power, religious imagination, blending symbol space and real space landscape and unified.4. study found first overall planning layout of Wudang Mountains contains cultivating imagery, metaphor of days after returning into inverse model and Tianxun model for Dan Zhou congenital, present a three-dimensional Taoist interior map; at the same time, a symbol of" the world "," mountains "," three city of heaven "three exit layout structure, also correspond to three kinds of state practice, Zhenwu and based on this, the Wudang Mountains palace why sit the long-term problems in suspense made innovation east of the West explain.5. found that the layout of Wudang Mountains palace architecture unit shows the inheritance and innovation characteristics, embodies the" artificial beauty into the design thought of natural "temple environment. Pay attention to Feng Shui, Tibetan wind gas and exhaust Combined water hedging means. Temple engineering space layout showed the influence of the imperial thought and Confucianism; the overall layout form of temples reflect the simulation of Zhenwu tortoise and snake, and the icon is certain interior image comprehension, "mountains" scene four palace practice unit space reflect Taoist symbol sit sit round bowl, is the Wudang Taoist Quanzhen by empirical research on the effect of.6. was found after the middle period of Ming Dynasty in the country appears imitating Wudang Zhenwu scenic or construction upsurge, and continues to the end of the Qing Dynasty, leaving a large number of small North Wudang, Wudang, Saiwudang naming imitating Wudang Mountains national or local scenic spots, which is a significant part of the current national, provincial scenic area or cultural relics protection units. The paper believes that the Wudang Mountains scenic spot and its imitating object construction Other scenic spots are related cultural landscape phenomena, and the relevant scenic mountains are preliminarily combed, and the research work is of certain significance.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU984.18

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