中国建筑工人高温作业环境与生产率研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 21:01

  本文选题：施工 + 钢筋工　； 参考：《清华大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：高温工作环境被广泛认为会对建筑工人的生产率造成负面影响,并损害工人的健康。本研究会针对这个问题,先对建筑工人工作环境的高温情况进行分析,再通过模型找出高温环境和建筑业劳动生产率之间的关系,使行业从业者能更全面地了解到高温环境对建筑业劳动生产率的影响,从而能制定出在高温下作业的相关防范措施和提高劳动生产率。研究在2014年中国北京的夏季时段进行,总共涉及到两个建设项目及16位钢筋工人。过程中对湿球黑球温度(WBGT)指数、人体核心温度(口腔温度)、疲劳度和劳动生产率(直接工作时间,间接工作时间和怠工时间)进行现场监测收集。研究中工人工作环境中的WBGT值是通过QUESTemp°36收集,收集到的数据会按中国国家标准GBZ/T 229.3-2010和GBZ 2.2-2007进行分析,以识别不同测量时段的热负荷等级和WBGT接触限值。工人的劳动生产率是通过现场测量人员实地记录所得,测量人员会在观察目标工人的工作时间内,记下其工作中花在直接工作、间接工作和怠工的时间。测量人员同时也会通过疲劳量表及温度计记录工人的疲劳度及口腔温度。基于GBZ/T 229.3-2010,发现钢筋工人工作环境的热负荷普遍能达到等级III和IV,表示建筑工人有较高的机会出现热相关疾病。热负荷的出现频率最高的是在14:00-15:00期间,而最低的是在07:00-09:00期间。另外基于GBZ 2.2-2007中的WBGT接触限值规范,发现14:00至15:00有近57%的测量时间会超过规范中的WBGT限值,对工人的危害最高;而7:00至9:00则只有3%~7%,危害度最低。研究也发现直接工作时间占工人的总工作时间近74%,间接工作时间占大约15%,而怠工时间只占约11%。研究中建立了三个分别对应“直接工作时间”、“间接工作时间”和“怠工时间”的回归模型来分析高温环境及其他因素如工人的年龄、工作经验和BMI值对劳动生产率的影响。模型发现WBGT每增加1℃,钢筋工人的直接工作时间会减少0.57,怠工时间会增加0.74。此外,工人年龄的增加对劳动生产率有负面影响,而工作经验和BMI值的上升则有正面影响。研究中也发现疲劳度和工人的生产率的变化相符合。当工人的疲劳度逐渐上升,直接工作的时间会减少,休息时间会增加。另外在大部分时间下,核心温度和WBGT的变化并没有有显著的关联。最后本研究针对政府,承包商和劳务分包商的责任权限提出建议,帮助行业从业人员能更好地管理高温作业环境和提高工人的生产率。
[Abstract]:High-temperature working conditions are widely believed to have a negative impact on the productivity of construction workers and damage their health. In order to solve this problem, this paper first analyzes the high temperature of the working environment of the construction workers, and then finds out the relationship between the high temperature environment and the labor productivity of the construction industry through the model. So that the practitioners can fully understand the impact of high temperature environment on the labor productivity of the construction industry, so as to formulate the relevant preventive measures and improve the labor productivity under the high temperature. The study, conducted during the summer of 2014 in Beijing, involved two construction projects and 16 steel bar workers. The WBGT index, core temperature (oral temperature), fatigue and labor productivity (direct working time, indirect working time and idle time) were collected. The WBGT values in the workers' working environment were collected by QUESTemp 掳36. The collected data were analyzed according to the Chinese national standards GBZ/T 229.3-2010 and GBZ 2.2-2007 to identify the thermal load levels and WBGT exposure limits for different measuring periods. The labor productivity of workers is recorded in the field by the field surveyors. The surveyors will observe the working hours of the target workers and record the time spent on direct, indirect and idle work in their work. The workers' fatigue and oral temperature were also measured with fatigue meters and thermometers. Based on GBZ/T 229.3-2010, it is found that the heat load of the working environment of reinforced workers can generally reach the grade of III and III, indicating that construction workers have a higher chance of developing heat-related diseases. The highest frequency of heat load occurs in the period of 14: 00-15: 00, and the lowest is in the period of 0700-09: 00. In addition, based on the WBGT contact limit in GBZ 2.2-2007, it is found that nearly 57% of the measurement time from 14:00 to 15:00 will exceed the WBGT limit of the norm, which will be the most harmful to workers, while from 7:00 to 7:00, only 37% will be found to have the lowest harm. The study also found that direct working hours accounted for nearly 74 hours, indirect working hours accounted for about 15 hours, and idle hours accounted for only about 11 hours. Three regression models corresponding to "direct working time", "indirect working time" and "idle time" were established to analyze the effects of high temperature environment and other factors such as worker's age, work experience and BMI value on labor productivity. The model shows that the direct working time of steel workers will be reduced by 0.57 and the idle time will increase by 0.74 for each increase of WBGT at 1 鈩，

本文编号：1867407