基于电梯的人员疏散模型研究及其在超高层建筑安全疏散设计中的应用

发布时间：2018-05-18 05:37

本文选题：超高层建筑 + 电梯疏散　；参考：《中国科学技术大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：超高层建筑在紧急状况下的人员安全疏散正在吸引全世界范围内越来越多的关注。超高层建筑的一个重要特点是建筑结构复杂和人员数量庞大。因此,在紧急状况下仅仅使用楼梯疏散所有建筑内人员容易导致严重拥堵,从而明显的降低疏散效率。另外,从高楼层沿着楼梯逃生至底层对老人、小孩、孕妇以及残疾人士来说尤其困难。因此,在超高层建筑的人员疏散中使用电梯进行辅助疏散是必要的。在火灾以及其他的突发事故中使用电梯进行疏散并不是一个陌生的概念。例如,在911事件的人员疏散过程中,一些人员在事故早期使用电梯实现了安全疏散。国际建筑防火规范(IBC)与美国国家建筑防火规范(NFPA)已经允许高层建筑在火灾或者其他紧急状况下使用符合一定要求的电梯进行疏散,以代替按照要求的额外增加的楼梯。然而,“火灾情况下禁止使用电梯”的标志仍然贴在每个电梯上。很多年来,在日常的逃生教育与训练中,人们被告知在紧急情况下不要使用电梯进行疏散。因此,当我们考虑使用电梯辅助人员疏散时,首先需要设计建造安全的电梯系统。同时,在使用电梯进行疏散的过程中,逃生人员对工作人员的信任与配合也是非常重要的。因此,在超高层建筑中人们对使用电梯进行逃生的态度是很重要的。为此,展开了一项调查研究人们对超高层建筑中使用电梯进行火灾逃生的态度。调查结果显示大部分人在高楼层或者有消防人员维持秩序的情况下愿意考虑使用电梯进行逃生。进一步的分析表明,人们对于使用电梯进行火灾逃生的态度存在个体差异,因人的教育背景、火灾经历等不同而不同。影响超高层建筑的电梯疏散的主要因素有建筑高度、楼层面积、楼层人员数量、避难层的数量和分布、楼梯的数量,电梯的数量、速度、容量和电梯门的宽度,使用电梯逃生的人员比例等。基于这些考虑建立了一个超高层建筑电梯辅助人员疏散模型(EE模型),该模型包括几何模块、楼梯模块以及电梯模块。几何模块定义了超高层建筑的每一个楼层,疏散过程中人的移动发生在这些楼层及楼层之间的楼梯中。楼梯模块用于模拟逃生人员在楼梯中的逃生行为,社会力模型被用于模拟逃生过程中人与人之间以及人与障碍物之间的作用力。而电梯模块则用于模拟人员使用电梯进行逃生的行为。电梯在疏散过程中的运行是由一个根据电梯运行规律与疏散功能结合建立的电梯运行流程实现的。通过EE模型的模拟实验结果与疏散演习的实验结果以及调查观测的结果相比较,验证了EE模型的有效性。EE模型中使用楼梯进行人员疏散的时间与上海环球金融中心的疏散演习实验中的疏散时间非常接近。EE模型中电梯门的人流量与在香港城市大学开展的调查观测数据很接近。在对EE模型进行了验证之后,理论分析以及模拟实验分析用于帮助我们更好的理解超高层建筑的疏散原理及特征。理论及模拟实验分析的结果表明,使用楼梯进行疏散的时间由单位有效楼梯宽度通过的疏散总人数决定。使用电梯进行人员疏散的时间由平均每个电梯承担的逃生人数,电梯的单程运行时间,电梯容量以及电梯门宽度决定。当进行楼梯与电梯混合疏散时必须考虑使用电梯进行逃生的人员比例。进一步发现,人们进出电梯的人流量明显小于普通情况(例如通道等)下的人流量,这可能是因为人们进入电梯后身处一个狭小的封闭空间,阻碍了后面的人进入电梯。现有的高层建筑电梯规划指导是基于正常情况下所需的电梯运输能力的,尚缺乏针对超高层建筑紧急疏散的电梯规划指导。因此,基于使用EE模型进行的大量模拟实验结果,建立了用于指导超高层建筑电梯辅助人员疏散的规划方法并提出了典型超高层建筑电梯辅助人员疏散的方案。方案由一系列的表格组成,通过这些表格可以确定在规定的时间内完成全体人员的疏散所需要的电梯数量、容量、速度、门宽,每个避难层使用电梯逃生的人员比例以及所需的楼梯总宽度。结果发现,使用一定数量的电梯辅助疏散可以明显减少需要的楼梯数量。这可以节省建筑空间用于商业用途。
[Abstract]:The safety evacuation of super high buildings in emergency conditions is attracting more and more attention all over the world. An important feature of super high-rise buildings is complex construction and large number of personnel. In addition, it is especially difficult for the elderly, children, pregnant women and disabled people to escape from the high floor down the stairs to the bottom. Therefore, it is necessary to use elevators to evacuate in the evacuation of super high-rise buildings. For example, during the evacuation of the 911 incident, some people used elevators to evacuate safely at the early stage of the accident. The international building fire protection code (IBC) and the national building fire protection code (NFPA) have allowed high-rise buildings to evacuate with a certain requirement in fire or other emergency situations instead of the following. Additional staircases required. However, the sign of "fire prohibition to use elevators" remains on every elevator. For many years, in daily escape education and training, people are told not to use elevators to evacuate in emergency situations. Therefore, when we consider the evacuation of elevator assistants, we need to be set up first. At the same time, it is also important for the escape personnel to trust and cooperate with the staff in the process of using the elevator to evacuate. Therefore, it is very important for people to escape the elevator in the super high building. The results show that most people are willing to use elevators to escape under the condition of high floor or firefighters' maintenance. Further analysis shows that there are individual differences in attitudes towards the use of elevators for fire escape, depending on the educational background and the fire experience. The main factors affecting the evacuation of the elevators are the height of the building, the floor area, the number of floor personnel, the number and distribution of the refuge layer, the number of stairs, the number of elevators, the speed, the capacity and the width of the elevator door. Based on these considerations, a super high-rise building elevator auxiliary is established. A model of personnel evacuation (EE model), which consists of a geometric module, a staircase module, and an elevator module. The geometric module defines each floor of a super high building. The movement of people in the evacuation process occurs in the stairs between the floors and the floors. The staircase module is used to simulate the escape behavior of the escape personnel in the staircase and the social force model. It is used to simulate the forces between people and between people and obstacles during the escape process. The elevator module is used by the simulator to escape from the elevator. The operation of the elevator in the evacuation process is realized by an elevator running process based on the operation of the elevator and the evacuation function. Through the EE model Compared with the experimental results of the evacuation drills and the results of the survey, the simulation results show that the time of using the stairs to evacuate the EE model is very close to the evacuation time in the evacuation drills of the Shanghai global financial center and the evacuation time of the evacuation drills in the Shanghai global financial center is very close to the human flow of the elevator door in the model of the elevator and in the city of Hongkong. The theoretical analysis and simulation experiment analysis are used to help us better understand the principles and characteristics of the evacuation of the super high building after verification of the EE model. The results of theoretical and simulation experiments show that the scattered time of the staircase is passed by the unit effective staircase width. The total number of evacuations is determined. The evacuation time using the elevator is determined by the average number of lifts per elevator, the single run time of the elevator, the capacity of the elevator and the width of the elevator door. When the stairs and the elevator are evacuated, the proportion of the personnel to be escaped by the elevator must be considered. Further find that people are in and out of the elevator. The flow of human flow is obviously less than that of ordinary cases (such as the channel, etc.), which may be because people enter a narrow closed space at the back of the elevator and obstruct the people behind the elevator. The existing elevator planning guidance is based on the elevator transport capacity required under normal conditions and is still lacking in the construction of the super high rise. Build an emergency evacuation planning guide. Therefore, based on a large number of simulated experimental results using the EE model, a planning method for guiding the evacuation of elevators in super high-rise buildings is established and a scheme for evacuation of a typical super high-rise elevator is proposed. The scheme is composed of a series of forms, through which the tables can be made. Determine the number, capacity, speed, width of the elevator required to complete the evacuation of all personnel within the prescribed time, the proportion of people who escape from the elevator in each refuge and the required staircase width. As a result, the use of a certain number of elevator assists can obviously reduce the number of staircases needed. This can save the building space. For commercial use.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU972.4

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