单位大院：近当代北京居住空间演变

发布时间：2018-05-31 21:39

本文选题：单位大院 + 秩序空间　；参考：《清华大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：单位大院是建国以来中国城市中逐渐形成的独特的聚居模式,其空间特征反映了中国在20世纪下半叶里长期所处的资源稀缺的状态、社会主义意识形态的政治主导和国家领导人追求工业现代化的雄心。论文选取中国政治中心,北京作为核心研究对象。单位大院是北京城自建国以来居住空间中的主导类型。本文从大院的三个空间层次入手做研究:国家宏观政治架构投射下的秩序空间、单位内部形成的自治空间以及单位成员个体的自发改造空间。宏观层面上,改革开放前北京的社会与政治秩序直接影响着单位大院里居住空间与公共空间的布置。在此视角下,大院空间是抽象的、机械的、概念化的。中间层面上,每一个大院作为自成体系的城市聚居团体,在接受宏观秩序把控的同时也时常会为维护内部利益而与政府发生冲突。内部资源分配的相对独立性使得大院逐渐获得自治性,成为单位成员物质与精神上的依靠。微观层面上,大院成员中的个体通过自发改造空间或建造临时性的构筑物,而在生活中弱化外部秩序对个体空间的控制。在案例调研与居民采访的基础上,本文通过以上三种空间属性,即秩序性、自治性和自发性以及三者间的相互冲突、协作、转化的视角来理解与阐释单位大院中的一些空间现象。通过参照历史城市,这三种空间属性都能够在中国古代传统中找到根源。但是,本文认为促成单位大院这一空间组织模式形成的最重要、最直接的原因来自于近代以来中国经历的巨大社会变革,这也预示着在未来较长时间内,大院及其空间属性仍将是北京城市化过程中不可回避的既存现象。在此三层空间的理论模型之下,本文进一步探讨了大院空间在当代北京城中的演变与延续。比较当代居住小区与大院可以发现,前者虽然在表面上获得了更多的自由,但是在市场和政府的两重把控下依然继承了大院空间的秩序性。最后,在历史分析的基础上,本文对北京大院未来发展的可能性做了展望。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the unit compound has gradually formed a unique pattern of settlement in Chinese cities. Its spatial characteristics reflect the state of scarcity of resources that China has been in for a long time in the second half of the 20th century. The political dominance of socialist ideology and the ambition of national leaders to pursue industrial modernization. The thesis chooses Chinese political center and Beijing as the core research object. Unit courtyard is the leading type of living space in Beijing since the founding of the people's Republic of China. This paper starts with the three spatial levels of the compound: the order space projected by the national macro-political framework, the autonomous space formed within the unit and the space of spontaneous transformation of the unit members. On the macro level, the social and political order of Beijing before the reform and opening up directly affects the layout of living space and public space in the unit compound. From this perspective, the courtyard space is abstract, mechanical, and conceptualized. At the middle level, each compound, as a self-contained urban settlement group, often conflicts with the government in order to safeguard the internal interests while accepting the macro-order control. The relative independence of internal resource allocation makes the compound gradually autonomous and become the material and spiritual dependence of unit members. On the micro level, the individuals in the compound weaken the control of the individual space through the spontaneous transformation of the space or the construction of temporary structures, while the external order weakens the control of the individual space in life. On the basis of case study and resident interview, this paper uses the above three spatial attributes, namely, order, autonomy and spontaneity, as well as the conflict and cooperation among them. To understand and explain some spatial phenomena in the unit compound from the perspective of transformation. By referring to historical cities, these three spatial attributes can be found in the ancient Chinese tradition. However, this paper holds that the most important and the most direct reason for the formation of the spatial organization model of the unit compound comes from the great social changes experienced by China since modern times, which also indicates that in a long period of time in the future, The courtyard and its spatial attributes will still be an unavoidable phenomenon in the process of urbanization in Beijing. Based on the theoretical model of the three-storey space, this paper further discusses the evolution and continuation of the courtyard space in the contemporary Beijing city. Compared with the contemporary residential district and the compound, the former obtained more freedom on the surface, but still inherited the order of the courtyard space under the dual control of the market and the government. Finally, on the basis of historical analysis, this paper looks forward to the possibility of the future development of Beijing compound.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU984.12

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