甘肃省城市饮用水安全问题研究报告

发布时间：2018-07-05 12:18

本文选题：饮用水 + 安全　；参考：《兰州交通大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：饮用水安全关系到公众的健康、生命安全和社会和谐稳定,随着公众环境意识的增强,饮水安全问题备受关注。饮用水中的任何微量污染物,可能会不断积累,在人体内终身存在,对身体产生有害的影响。其次,饮用水水源地也是城市饮用水安全的重要限制因子,饮用水水源受到污染,必然导致饮用水水质的污染,甚至导致水厂无法取水,影响居民的正常生活。而饮用水水质评价是建立完整饮用水安全评估体系的重要环节之一,也是进行水环境监督管理的重要手段之一。甘肃省作为西北干旱区之一,水资源短缺已成为影响居民的主要因子,所以摸清甘肃省城镇饮用水安全现状,总结污染特征,分析污染来源,做好城市饮用水水质进行科学、客观地研究和评价,进而提出针对性对策与意见,对保障甘肃省城镇饮用水安全,保护群众身体健康,具有非常重要的现实意义。确保饮用水资源的安全必然要促进水资源的可持续利用,因此该问题正成为一个越来越受到重视的课题。根据城市卫生健康、社会文化、环境、经济和技术等方面的可持续标准,提出了可持续城市饮用水资源管理的系统分析框架。近年来,国内外学者对水资源的可持续利用问题也进行了大量研究。刘恒[11]提出饮用水资源可持续利用是促进经济可持续发展的基本资源保证,应遵循区域公平原则、代际公平原则、需求管理原则,在管理方面应分别从政府、水源、居民饮用水等环境开展。目前城市水资源安全危机已迫在眉睫,居民对饮用水提出了更高的要求,城市的可持续发展客观上要求我们饮水安全的可持续。必须寻求水资源开采与水资源消费的合理途径,建立城市水资源安全预警机制,推进可持续需求管理[14]。另外,水务管理方面近期也引起了学者的重视,专家们指出应该营造水务统一管理的外部环境,包括树立现代水务新观念,建立健全城市饮用水资源优化配置的价格机制[15]。强化保障体系建设,政府应转变职能,使水务管理模式从政府直接管制向间接监督管理转变,水务工程投资从单纯政府投资向投资主体多元化转变,水务设施建设、运营、管理从政府直接经营向通过城市饮用水水务市场开展特许经营转变,水务服务价格从福利价格向市场价格转变,水务企业从隶属于政府向自主经营的法人实体转变。但就我国目前的状况来看,还存在以下问题,主要包括:(1)现在研究大多针对水资源短缺的问题,关于城市饮用水资源管理的较少,尤其在中国,研究工作较多集中在农业用水、防洪减灾等方面,而对全国大中城市饮用水安全的关注较少;(2)水价改革和水市场的建立是通过市场机制配置水资源的手段,但目前由于缺乏可操作性,还只是停留在书面上,主要原因是缺乏切实可行的政策建议;(3)在我国,城市饮用水安全问题还没有得到足够重视。国外饮用水资源危机已逐步与能源危机相提并论;(4)城市饮用水资源管理在经济、社会、生态等诸多方面的目标能否协调统一并未在国内外学者的研究中充分体现出来;(5)在城市饮用水资源管理问题中,目前学术界普遍倡导水资源的可持续利用,但并未充分考虑到这是否会对地区的经济利益产生负面影响。尽管各省市对水源地的保护工作都已经开展,并取得了一定的成效,但由于受地域、经济发展水平和水资源总量的影响,饮用水水源保护工作在立法、执法水平和管理手段上差别很大,缺乏统一的保护规划和管理。因此,制定科学合理的饮用水水源地环境保护规划、保障饮用水源的水质安全显得极为重要和迫切。饮用水安全关系到公众的健康、生命安全和社会和谐稳定,随着公众环境意识的增强,饮水安全问题备受关注。本研究主要以甘肃省典型地区城市饮用水安全状况为研究对象,认真选择研究区域,在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,采用问卷调查、实地考察以及访谈法相结合,运用主成分成分、层次分析法、灰色关联度法以及模糊综合评价等多种数理统计方法对甘肃省不同地区城市饮用水进行分析和评价,从经济社会、供水用水和环境影响三个方面,构建了甘肃省城市饮用水评价指标体系,分析了影响城市饮用水安全的主要指标指标,并尝试利用灰色理论对于甘肃省城市饮用水安全进行预测。研究结果表明:凉州区城市饮用水安全问卷定性调查和模糊综合评价结果均为“良好”,基本符合当地的实际情况;居民认为水源地排污情况、水源地周边植被情况和自来水存在的安全隐患不容乐观,有待提升。平凉市崆峒区城市饮用水水源地风险的评价结果为“良好”,基本符合当地的实际情况。按照各个指标的评分等级的大小可以对其排序,其中“水量”、“脆弱性”、“污染”、“应急能力”的评价比“灾害”和“安全事故概率”高一点。兰州市城市饮用水水质主要以氟化物、硝酸盐氮、浑浊度为主要污染指标,以有机污染源为主;兰州市城市饮用水安全数据定量模糊综合评价结果均为“一般”,基本符合当地的实际情况;兰州市城市饮用水水源地排污严重,自来水中存在安全隐患,不容乐观。经测算甘肃省城市饮用水安全状况向好的方向发展,基本符合实际情况。影响城市饮用水的主要指标依次为主城区人口密度、城市用水普及率、城市居民年人均可支配收入、居民生活用水量、供水水质合格率和水源地水质等级。最后,从饮用水源生态补偿机制、强化饮用水安全法规标准与管理机制、饮用水安全公众参与保障机制、“三位一体”城市饮用水安全应急机制建设等方面提出甘肃省城市饮用水安全的对策与建议。
[Abstract]:Drinking water safety is related to public health, life safety and social harmony and stability. With the increase of public awareness of the environment, drinking water safety issues have attracted much attention. Any trace contaminants in drinking water may accumulate in the human body for life and have a harmful effect on the body. Secondly, drinking water source is also a city for drinking. The important limiting factor of water safety, the drinking water source is polluted, will inevitably lead to the pollution of the drinking water quality, even cause the water plant to be unable to take water and affect the normal life of the residents. The evaluation of drinking water quality is one of the important links in establishing a complete drinking water safety assessment system, and is also one of the important means to supervise and manage the water environment. As one of the northwest arid areas, the shortage of water resources in Gansu has become the main factor affecting the residents. Therefore, to find out the status of the safety of drinking water in Gansu Province, summarize the characteristics of pollution, analyze the source of pollution, do a good job in the scientific research and evaluation of the water quality of urban drinking water, and then put forward the pertinent countermeasures and suggestions to ensure the Gansu province. The safety of drinking water in town and the protection of the health of the masses are of great practical significance. Ensuring the safety of drinking water resources is bound to promote the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, this problem is becoming a more and more important subject. Sustainable standards in urban health, social, environmental, economic and technical aspects are based on urban health. In recent years, scholars both at home and abroad have made a great deal of research on the sustainable utilization of water resources. Liu Heng [11] proposed that the sustainable utilization of drinking water resources is the basic resource guarantee for the sustainable development of the economy, and the principle of regional equity should be followed, and the principle of intergenerational equity should be followed. The principle of demand management should be carried out in the management aspects, such as the government, water source, drinking water and so on. At present, the crisis of urban water resources security is imminent, and the residents have put forward higher requirements for drinking water. The sustainable development of the city requires the sustainable safety of drinking water. The reasonable way is to establish the early warning mechanism of urban water resources security, promote the [14]. of sustainable demand management, and the attention of scholars in recent years. Experts point out that the external environment of the unified management of water affairs should be created, including the establishment of new concept of modern water affairs and the establishment of a sound price machine for the optimal allocation of urban drinking water resources. In order to strengthen the construction of [15]., the government should change its functions, make the water management mode change from the direct government control to the indirect supervision and management. The investment of water works projects from the simple government investment to the diversification of the investment subject, the construction, operation and management of Water Affairs facilities, from the direct operation of the government to the city drinking water market. The price of water service is changing from the welfare price to the market price, and the water business enterprises change from the government to the independent entity. However, in the current situation of our country, there are still the following problems, including: (1) the current research is mostly aimed at the shortage of water resources, and less on the management of urban drinking water resources. In China, the research work is concentrated in agricultural water use, flood control and disaster reduction and so on, and less attention is paid to the safety of drinking water in large and medium cities. (2) water price reform and water market establishment are the means of water resources allocation through market mechanism, but at present, due to lack of operability, the main reason is the lack of cutting. Practical policy recommendations; (3) in China, the problem of urban drinking water safety has not been paid enough attention. The crisis of drinking water resources in foreign countries has been gradually compared with the energy crisis. (4) the coordination of the goals of urban drinking water resources management in economic, social, ecological and other aspects has not been fully studied by scholars at home and abroad. At present, (5) in the problem of urban drinking water resources management, the sustainable utilization of water resources is widely advocated by the academic community, but it does not fully consider whether this will have a negative impact on the economic interests of the region. Although the protection of water sources has been carried out in various provinces and cities and has achieved certain results, the economy is affected by the region and economy. The level of development and the total amount of water resources, drinking water source protection work in legislation, the level of law enforcement and management methods are very different, the lack of unified protection planning and management. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to establish a scientific and reasonable environmental protection plan for drinking water sources and ensure the safety of drinking water quality. It is related to public health, life safety and social harmony and stability. With the enhancement of public awareness of the environment, the problem of drinking water safety has been paid much attention. This study focuses on the safety of drinking water in typical cities of Gansu Province as the research object. With the combination of inspection and interview, the drinking water in different regions of Gansu province was analyzed and evaluated by various mathematical statistics methods, such as principal component, analytic hierarchy process, grey correlation degree and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the evaluation index of drinking water in Gansu province was constructed from three aspects of economic society, water supply water and environmental impact. The main index of the urban drinking water safety is analyzed, and the grey theory is used to predict the safety of urban drinking water in Gansu province. The results show that the results of the urban drinking water safety questionnaire in Liangzhou district and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are "good", which basically conform to the actual situation in the local area; For the pollution of the water source, the surrounding vegetation and the hidden danger of tap water are not optimistic and need to be promoted. The evaluation result of the risk of drinking water source in Pingliang Kongtong district is "good", which is basically in line with the local actual situation. "Quantity", "vulnerability", "pollution", "emergency ability" is a little higher than "disaster" and "safety accident probability". The water quality of urban drinking water in Lanzhou is mainly fluorides, nitrate nitrogen, turbidity as the main pollution index and organic pollution sources, and the quantitative fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results of urban drinking water safety data in Lanzhou City All of them are "general", which basically conform to the actual situation of the local city. The urban drinking water source area of Lanzhou city is seriously polluted, and there is a hidden safety hazard in the tap water. It is not optimistic. It is basically in line with the actual situation that the safety of drinking water in Gansu is in the good direction. The main indexes affecting the city's drinking water are mainly urban population density in turn. Degree, urban water use rate, urban residents' disposable income, residents' living water consumption, water quality qualification rate and water quality grade of water source. Finally, from the ecological compensation mechanism of drinking water sources, strengthening the standards and management mechanism of drinking water safety regulations, drinking water safety public participation in the guarantee mechanism and the "Trinity" city drinking water safety. The countermeasures and suggestions for the safety of urban drinking water in Gansu are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：兰州交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU991.15

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