建筑楼梯区域人员疏散行为的实验与模拟研究

发布时间：2018-07-06 15:29

本文选题：行人动力学 + 人员疏散　；参考：《中国科学技术大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：随着我国经济的发展及人口的增长,人员密集公共建筑如影剧场馆、体育场馆及旅游景点建筑等得到迅速发展,然而这类建筑内往往会有大量人员集聚,因而在火灾等危急情况下如何能够安全高效的开展人群疏散已成为近些年来研究者关注的重点课题。由于建筑楼梯作为主要疏散通道具有其特殊的结构特性,针对人员通过建筑楼梯疏散过程的行为特性开展研究显得及其重要。本文主要对建筑楼梯区域内人员运动及疏散特性开展研究,详细分析总结建筑楼梯内人员行为特性、拥挤状态、行人流动及楼梯间汇流行为,旨在为建筑楼梯的优化设计及紧急情况下的人群管理提供数据支撑及科学建议。首先在校园和景区不同楼梯区域内开展观测实验以获取建筑楼梯区域人员基本运动特性。针对校园楼梯区域内人员运动过程,采用人工处理的方法获取基本数据,进而采用方差分析及独立样本T检验对影响人员自由运动速度的因素进行分析；实验结果表明：观测楼梯、人员性别及群组因素对人员自由运动速度有显著影响,其中群组是三个因素中影响最大的因素；此外性别与群组对人员自由运动速度有交互作用,即性别在人员不存在群组情况下对人员运动速度的影响要大于存在群组情况下对人员运动速度的影响,而存在群组对男性自由运动速度的影响要大于对女性自由运动速度的影响。对于景区楼梯区域内人员运动过程,依据观测数据对人员基本运动行为、人员统计信息、人员到达时间间隔与速度分布以及人员速度密度关系等进行分析研究。基于对景区楼梯区域内人员运动过程的观测发现人员在运动过程中的几种典型行为,如并排行走、绕行、避让、停留拍照、同向跟随及反向分层等；人员到达时间间隔概率随人员到达时间间隔的增加呈下降趋势,通过拟合可得到人员到达时间间隔的概率密度函数,进而得到人员到达时间间隔的期望值；人员在景区楼梯内运动速度相对较低,因而受密度的影响并不显著。为进一步分析高层建筑楼梯区域人员疏散特性,分别对疏散演习过程中人员通过楼梯的拥挤特性,楼梯间有无汇流情况下的人员运动特性以及儿童在建筑楼梯内的运动特性开展研究。基于美国国家标准与技术研究院所开展的疏散演习实验的原始数据,分析人员通过建筑楼梯的疏散效率,并采用提出的速度密度计算方法得到人员运动速度、密度及相应的速度密度关系,分析建筑楼梯区域人员疏散过程的拥挤特性。在九层建筑楼梯内开展人员运动实验,通过分析人员运动过程时空分布、人员通过相邻楼梯间平均运动速度以及人员通过各层楼梯的流率等参数分析无汇流过程及有汇流过程的人员运动特性；同时对两种不同疏散过程的基本图进行对比,并分析汇流过程对人员运动速度的影响。在五层教学楼楼梯间开展儿童运动实验,研究了儿童下楼及上楼运动特性,分析儿童在楼梯平台运动速度差异,同时对不同场景下儿童运动过程的基本图进行了分析。基于楼梯间人员运动过程,构建了人员通过楼梯疏散计算模型,提出一种密度控制的策略以实现疏散过程中降低楼梯间人员数量的要求,之后构建楼层楼梯连接平台汇流模型,该模型考虑了人员在楼梯内的偏好行走方向,楼层楼梯平台内的转身行为以及楼层楼梯行人不同的期望运动速度等因素,对不同楼梯结构的人员疏散过程开展研究,分析了楼梯间人员汇流过程。最后,总结全文研究工作及主要结论,同时基于本文研究工作提出可进一步开展的研究。
[Abstract]:With the development of China's economy and the growth of the population, the crowded public buildings, such as the Theater Hall, the stadium and the tourist attractions, have developed rapidly. However, there are often a large number of people gathered in this kind of building, so it has become a study in recent years how to carry out the evacuation of people safely and high efficiency in the case of fire and other critical situations. As the building staircase as the main evacuation channel has its special structural characteristics, it is important to study the behavior of the personnel through the evacuation process of building staircases.
This paper mainly studies the personnel movement and evacuation characteristics in the building staircase area, and analyzes and summarizes the behavior characteristics, crowding state, pedestrian flow and staircase confluence in the building staircase in detail, aiming at providing data support and scientific suggestion for the optimization design of building staircase and the crowd management in emergency situations.
First, observation experiments are carried out on the campus and the different staircase areas to obtain the basic movement characteristics of the personnel in the building staircase area. According to the process of personnel movement in the campus staircase area, the basic data are obtained by artificial processing, and the factors affecting the speed of the people's free movement are analyzed by variance analysis and independent sample T test. The experimental results show that the observation of staircase, staff sex and group factors have significant influence on the speed of free movement of personnel, among which the groups are the most influential factors of the three factors; in addition, sex and groups have interaction with the speed of the free movement of the personnel, that is, the sex is the speed of the person's movement speed without the presence of the group. The influence of the group on the speed of the people's movement is greater than that of the group, but the influence of the group on the speed of the male free movement is greater than that of the women's free movement speed. For the personnel movement process in the scenic area, the basic transportation behavior of the personnel, the personnel statistics information, and the time of arrival of the personnel on the basis of the observation data Analysis and Research on the distribution of the velocity distribution and the velocity density of the personnel. Based on the observation of the people's movement process in the area of the staircase area, some typical behavior of the personnel in the movement process, such as the ranking and walking, the detour, the avoidance, the stay photo, the same direction and the reverse stratification, etc.; the probability of the arrival time interval of the personnel arrives with the personnel. The increase of time interval is decreasing, and the probability density function can be obtained by fitting the time interval of personnel to get the expected value of people arriving at the interval of time, and the movement speed of the personnel in the staircase is relatively low, so the influence of density is not significant.
In order to further analyze the evacuation characteristics of the personnel in the staircase area of the high-rise building, the characteristics of the personnel moving through the stairs in the process of evacuation drills, the movement characteristics of the staff in the staircase without confluence and the movement characteristics of children in the building staircase are studied. Study the original data of the experiment, analyze the evacuation efficiency of building staircase, and use the proposed velocity density calculation method to get the relationship between the speed, density and the corresponding velocity density, analyze the crowd characteristics of the evacuation process in the building staircase. The personnel movement experiment is carried out in the nine staircase, through the analysis of people. The time and space distribution of the movement process, the personnel through the average velocity of the adjacent staircase and the flow rate of the staircase by the staff to analyze the movement characteristics of the people without the confluence process and the flow process. At the same time, the basic figures of the two different evacuation processes are compared, and the influence of the confluence process on the speed of the people's movement is analyzed. The children's movement experiment was carried out in the staircase of the five storey building. The movement characteristics of children's downstairs and upstairs were studied. The difference of children's movement speed on the staircase was analyzed, and the basic map of children's movement in different scenes was analyzed.
Based on the process of staircase personnel movement, a model of evacuation calculation by stairs is constructed, and a density control strategy is proposed to reduce the number of staircases in the evacuation process. After that, a confluence model of the floor staircase is constructed. The model takes into account the people's preference for walking in the staircase, the floor staircase platform. The internal turning behavior and the different expected speed of the stairs and staircases, the evacuation process of the different staircase structures is studied, and the process of the staircase personnel's confluence is analyzed.
Finally, the paper summarizes the research work and main conclusions, and proposes further research based on the research work in this paper.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU998.1

【参考文献】