矿山生态系统物能流核算

发布时间：2018-05-23 22:38

本文选题：物能流 + 能值　；参考：《中国矿业大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 采矿活动在人类生产活动的各部门中,与自然环境资源的关系最为密切。过去由于对环境资源因素的价值认识不足,采矿活动造成生态系统的自适应性降低,以及人类后代生态福利的损失。因此,建立有效的可持续性评价指标考察矿产资源开发过程中社会与自然之间的互馈关系十分重要。论文以社会-经济代谢为理论基础、MEFA模型为物能流核算框架、能值理论与方法为核算工具,以进入矿山生态-经济-社会复合系统的各子系统物能流历史数据为基础,研究矿山生态系统能学过程,考察矿山特定生命周期阶段主要年份的代谢机制。选择我国东部矿区中煤集团大屯公司姚桥煤矿和兖州煤业股份有限公司济宁三号煤矿开展矿山生态系统实证研究。通过区域和矿山生态系统的能值评估,从系统运行、污染物排放以及与土地利用之间的关系三个方面开展系统能值流分析。实现了以统一的标准分析社会-经济系统与生态系统之间的相互联系,解决了多学科综合评价的指标难以兼容的难题。以量化的数据说明了环境资源对经济发展的贡献以及采矿活动对环境和人类的影响,评价了经济社会与生态环境相互作用的可持续性。论文主要内容: 对矿山生态系统所在区域复合系统进行能值评估,以实例详细介绍能值理论和评估方法,通过分析能值指标的变化轨迹评价区域生态经济系统的发展状况,为矿山生态系统能值评估提供区域能值指标。其中全社会电力能值使用量比例、总电力能值使用量比例之间逐渐扩大的差距体现了徐州延长煤炭产业链开发电力能源的发展策略。依据能路语言符号,绘制矿山生态系统物能流概略图,极大地辅助了繁复的能值评估过程,建立了一套矿山生态系统能值评价指标体系。能值指标分析表明:2000年后的矿山生态系统物能流综合利用效率较2000年前大幅提高,近5年姚桥煤矿对环境资源和经济反馈的综合利用效率优于济三煤矿,但济三煤矿对经济反馈资源的利用效率是姚桥煤矿的3倍,万吨产量姚桥煤矿生产活动的经济反馈成本高;环境资源投入在系统总能值投入中占95%左右,其中几乎全部由煤层能值贡献,人类只需要投入数量级为10-7 J能量就能获得1 sej(等于1 J太阳能)的原煤;矿山生态系统中经济社会的投资收益越来越好,且姚桥煤矿的投资效益增速大于济三煤矿;电力系统升级、提高原煤生产效率、以及采用多种运输方式等对提升企业竞争力的成效显著;与地方的其它行业相比,获取相同经济效益,煤炭开采业要以4倍多的资源能值为代价,且济三煤矿获取1美元需要比姚桥煤矿消耗更多的能值;矿山生态系统的能值利用强度平均比地方高出7.76倍,经济发展的消耗强度大;获得相同产量,回采率低和煤质高决定了济三煤矿比姚桥煤矿动用了更多的煤炭储量能值;两矿山相同产值消耗的水资源能值逐年减少,济三煤矿万元产值水资源能值损失平均比姚桥煤矿低33%。此外,矿山生态系统的能值转换率和能值能耗指标所表现出来的差异,直观地说明了能量与能值的本质区别,体现了传统能耗核算对能质考虑的不足与能值核算在理论上和方法上的优势。比如,油脂、水泥、沙石、电缆、胶带等传统能耗指标中未考虑的项目,与一次能源一样对矿山生态系统运行具有很高的能值贡献。在研究不同能量源作用于同一系统时,应该更着重于在复合界面对系统中的各种流以同一标准进行统一评价。以能值为度量标准,量化矿山生态系统主要污染物排放对生态环境的影响程度,以及大气污染物对人类健康的潜在危害程度。结果表明:稀释水污染物浓度的水资源能值贡献在系统中占很大比例;年长日久的煤矸石堆置会造成大量的土地能值损失。CO2通过气候变化对人类健康造成的影响不容忽视。相同原煤产出的情况下,济三煤矿污染物排放对生态环境的负面影响有加剧趋势,研究期内平均影响程度比姚桥煤矿小,且大气污染物对职工生命健康的潜在危害(DALYs)也较后者要小。通过追踪系统物能流,分析矿山生态系统的代谢与土地利用/覆被变化之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:人类社会对矿山生态系统的经济反馈直接影响了水域和建设用地的土地面积变化,且能源的利用是矿山生态系统土地利用/覆被变化的重要社会-经济驱动力因子。以能值利用强度作为衡量矿山生态系统的垦殖强度指标,矿山生态系统的垦殖强度是所在区域垦殖强度的4.43倍。建立基于能值的生态足迹模型,以区域可更新自然资源和生物生产性土地的可更新部分为基础,计算能值-生态承载力;以系统物能流为基础,计算能值-生态足迹。模型应用结果表明:矿山生态系统经济反馈物能流的利用效率对系统的能值-生态足迹影响很大,人类对矿山生态系统的垦殖使得复合系统的可持续性每况愈下。
[Abstract]:Mining activities are closely related to the natural environment resources in all departments of human production activities . In the past , because of the lack of understanding of the value of environmental resource factors , the self - adaptability of the ecosystem caused by mining activities is reduced , and the ecological welfare of human offspring is lost . Therefore , it is important to establish effective sustainability evaluation indexes to examine the mutual - feed relationship between society and nature in the process of mineral resources development .

Based on the theory of socio - economic metabolism , the MEFA model is based on the energy flow accounting framework , the energy value theory and method , which is based on the historical data of each subsystem of the mine ecological - economic - social composite system , and studies the metabolic mechanism of the main years in the mine - specific life cycle .

Through the assessment of energy value of regional and mine ecosystem , systematic energy flow analysis is carried out from three aspects of system operation , pollutant discharge and relationship with land use .

In this paper , the energy value assessment of the region compound system in the mine ecosystem is carried out , and the value theory and the evaluation method are introduced in detail , and the development status of the regional eco - economic system is evaluated by analyzing the change locus of the energy value index , and the regional energy value index is provided for the evaluation of the mine ecosystem energy value .

The paper draws a general map of energy flow of mine ecosystem according to the sign of energy path , and has greatly assisted the complex energy value evaluation process , and established a set of index system of energy value of mine ecosystem . The energy value of the mine ecosystem is more than 3 times higher than that in Yaoqiao coal mine . The energy consumption of the mine ecosystem is more than 3 times higher than that of the coal mine .

The results show that the water resources energy value contribution of diluted water pollutant concentration can account for a large proportion of the system . The results show that the water resources energy value contribution of diluted water pollutant concentration can account for a large proportion in the system . The effect of CO2 on human health can not be ignored by climate change . In the same raw coal output , the average influence degree of the pollutant discharge on the ecological environment is smaller than that of Yaoqiao coal mine , and the potential harm to the health of workers ' life is less than that of the latter .

The relationship between the metabolism of mine ecosystem and land use / cover change is analyzed by tracking system energy flow . The results show that the economic feedback of the human society directly affects the land area change of the water area and the construction land , and the utilization of energy is the important social - economic driving force factor of the land use / cover change of the mine ecosystem .
【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：F426.1;F205

【引证文献】