产业集群治理：机制、结构、行动与绩效

发布时间：2018-11-18 17:41

【摘要】： 产业集群作为一种新兴的组织形式,它的出现和发展掀起了生产组织革命的高潮。关于产业集群的理论和实践研究成为近年来经济学、管理学、社会学领域研究的热点问题。然而,不能忽视的问题是,产业集群虽然是一种相对稳定的组织形式,但集群也并非没有风险,产业集群的市场失灵、创新系统失灵以及各种外部冲击需要集群成员采取积极的、协调成员利益冲突的集体行动。而作为具有多重联结的网络组织,其协同效应的产生,一个不可回避的问题就是集群治理。此外,发达国家产业集群的演进过程中,企业和政府包括中介组织在内,在比较完善的市场经济条件下,已经形成了一定程度的动态均衡,多元化治理相对而言比较成熟。而在发展中国家产业集群的演进中,集群治理结构尚不合理、治理机制尚不健全。这些都需要展开对集群治理的系统研究,探讨实现集群良好治理的途径,以实现对集群风险的规避和化解,促进产业集群保持竞争优势和可持续发展。产业集群治理是通过一系列正式或非正式的、内部或外部的机制和制度,旨在协调集群行为主体之间关系,建立和维护集群竞争优势并采取集体行动的持续的过程。基于集群剩余的关系、互动与协同创新构成集群治理的逻辑,特别是,互动形成以后又受到整体互动模式和规则的支配和约束,也即集群成员之间的互动行为往往发生在一定的规则框架之内,这个规则框架既包括正式规则也包括非正式规则,也即我们通常所说的治理机制。集群成员之间的互动能否产生协同创新效应,能否带来集群剩余的增加,能否保持持久的竞争力,关键在于,其治理机制能否保证各方同步互动高效协作。因此,治理机制是产业集群治理的依据,从而将集群治理落脚到治理逻辑之上,也决定了治理机制是集群治理的核心内容。产业集群治理结构是基于权力及权力配置的集群治理主体之间的关系,它是集群治理主体在参与、互动、协调过程中相互博弈的结果。集群网络权力的产生基础是集群网络的存在,其配置状况既决定集群剩余的规模也决定集群剩余的分配。集群网络权力体现出相互分离又相互联系交叉式的权力结构,具有相对分散性、上下互动性、相互依赖性、中心性、结构性以及动态性的特点。集群网络权力关系和治理模式的演进往往与治理主体资源、能力的演进及其所处环境和规则的变化联结在一起。基于网络权力基础的集群剩余分配机制有可能由于缺乏公平性而导致集群效率的损失。如果集群治理不能实现集群剩余分配的公平和效率的有机结合,就可能导致集群的解体。因此,必须重视集群剩余的合理分配。产业集群治理行动是旨在建立和维护集群可持续竞争优势的集群治理主体共同参与的集体行动。所有的有利于增加集群剩余,提升集群整体竞争力的集体行动都可以看作是集群治理行动。影响产业集群集体行动的因素包括领导型企业、社会资本、集群代理机构和公共服务机构、地方政府行为、团体讨论和个体声音等。集体行动的实现条件是非常复杂的,本文基于异质性偏好的假设,建立了一个涵盖声誉机制要素的领导-追随者模型,指出,声誉机制的存在提高了集体行动的可能性,不论是对组织集体行动还是参与集体行动,良好的声誉机制都会对集体行动的形成起到促进作用。产业集群治理绩效是指集群治理行为主体投入各自资源而实现的集群总体产出。产业集群治理绩效涵盖了经济因素和制度因素两个方面。影响集群治理绩效的因素主要包括：投入要素、机制要素、结构要素、环境要素等,不同的因素有不同的影响力,每个因素的变化都会对集群治理绩效产生直接的影响。在产业集群生命周期的不同阶段,由于竞争力和治理力的差异,导致集群治理绩效呈现不同的水平。产业集群治理不是万能的,也存在失灵问题,包括治理机制的不确定、治理结构的不均衡、集体行动的困境、共同治理的低效率等,产业集群治理实践中,也存在诸多问题限制了集群治理绩效的提高。为了促进产业集群竞争力的提高,集群企业治理层面要提高互动合作意识、增加社会资本存量、增强社会责任意识、提高自主创新能力；行业协会治理层面要依照章程开展活动、建立健全监督机制、完善行业协会职能、完善内部激励机制；地方政府治理层面要转变政府职能,建设服务型政府、扶持集群代理机构和公共服务机构发展、健全产业集群治理机制、建立跨行政区域协调机制、建立集群治理绩效考评制度、制定“基于事实”的集群政策等。
[Abstract]:As a new form of organization, industrial cluster has raised the climax of the revolution of the production organization. The research on the theory and practice of industrial cluster has become a hot issue in the field of economics, management and sociology in recent years. However, the problem that cannot be ignored is that, while the industrial cluster is a relatively stable organization form, the cluster is not free of risks, the market failure of the industrial cluster, the failure of the innovation system and the various external shocks require the cluster members to take positive action, Collective action to coordinate the conflicts of interest among members. As a network organization with multiple connections, the generation of the synergistic effect, an unavoidable problem is cluster governance. In addition, in the course of the evolution of the industrial cluster of developed countries, the enterprises and the government, including the intermediary organization, have formed a certain degree of dynamic equilibrium under the condition of the more perfect market economy, and the diversified governance is relatively mature. In the evolution of industrial clusters in developing countries, the structure of cluster governance is not reasonable yet, and the governance mechanism is not sound. It is necessary to study the system of cluster governance, to explore the ways to realize the good governance of the cluster, so as to avoid and resolve the risk of the cluster, and to promote the competitive advantage and the sustainable development of the industrial cluster. Industrial cluster governance is a series of formal or informal, internal or external mechanisms and systems, which are designed to coordinate the relationship between the cluster behavior subjects, establish and maintain the competitive advantage of the cluster and take collective action The process of the cluster governance based on the relationship, interaction and collaborative innovation of the cluster, especially after the interaction is formed, is subject to the overall interaction mode and the rule, that is, the interaction behavior among the members of the cluster often occurs in a certain rule frame. Within the framework, this rule framework includes both formal rules and informal rules, that is, what we usually call The key point is whether the interaction between the members of the cluster can produce a collaborative innovation effect, can bring the surplus of the cluster, and can maintain the lasting competitiveness. The key point is whether the governance mechanism of the cluster can ensure that the synchronous interaction of the parties is high Therefore, the governance mechanism is the basis of the industrial cluster governance, so that the cluster governance is put on the management logic, and the governance mechanism is the core of the cluster governance. The industrial cluster governance structure is based on the relationship between the power and the power-based cluster governance body, which is the subject of the cluster governance in the process of participation, interaction and coordination. The result of mutual game is that the generation of the power of the cluster network is the existence of the cluster network, and the configuration condition of the cluster is not only the size of the remaining cluster of the cluster, but also the decision of the cluster network. The cluster network power embodies the power structure of mutual separation and cross-connection, and has the relative dispersibility, the up-and-down interaction, the mutual dependence, the central nature and the structure. The evolution of the power relationship and the governance model of the cluster is often related to the management subject resources, the evolution of the ability and the environment and rules. The cluster residual distribution mechanism based on the network power is likely to be caused by the lack of fairness The loss of cluster efficiency. If the cluster governance does not achieve an organic combination of fairness and efficiency of the remaining distribution of the cluster, it may This leads to the disintegration of the cluster. Therefore, the cluster must be paid attention to The remaining reasonable distribution. Industrial cluster governance is the cluster governance to build and maintain the sustainable competitive advantage of the cluster The collective action of the main body. All collective action to increase the remaining of the cluster and improve the overall competitiveness of the cluster The factors that affect the collective action of the industrial cluster include the leading enterprise, the social capital, the cluster agency, the public service institution, the local government behavior, The realization condition of collective action is very complicated. This paper, based on the hypothesis of heterogeneous preference, establishes a leader-follower model covering the elements of the reputation mechanism, and points out that the existence of the reputation mechanism The possibility of collective action, whether collective action or collective action, will be a good reputation for the collective The performance of industrial cluster governance refers to the management behavior of the cluster. The overall output of the cluster realized by the entry of the respective resources. The performance of industrial cluster governance The factors that affect the performance of the cluster governance include: input factors, mechanism elements, structural elements, environmental factors, etc., different factors have different influence, and the change of each factor It will have a direct impact on the performance of the cluster governance. In the different stages of the life cycle of the industrial cluster, due to the difference of the competitiveness and the governance force, The management of the industrial cluster is not universal and the problem of failure, including the uncertainty of the governance mechanism, the imbalance of the governance structure, the dilemma of collective action, the low efficiency of the common governance, etc., and the practice of industrial cluster governance, There are many problems that limit the improvement of the performance of the cluster governance. In order to improve the competitiveness of the industrial cluster, the management level of the cluster enterprises should improve the awareness of the interaction cooperation, increase the social capital stock, enhance the sense of social responsibility and improve the independent innovation ability, and the trade association governance layer The face is to carry out activities in accordance with the Articles of Association, establish and improve the supervision mechanism, improve the function of the trade association, and improve the internal incentive mechanism; the local government should change the government function, build the service-oriented government, support the development of the cluster agency and the public service institution, and improve the production The mechanism of cluster governance, the establishment of a cross-administrative region coordination mechanism, the establishment of a cluster governance performance evaluation system, and the development of the "trunk>" on the basis of t
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：F062.9

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