城市轨道交通高峰定价问题的研究

发布时间：2018-02-05 20:22

本文关键词： 票价交通拥挤交通需求管理高峰定价　出处：《北京交通大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着经济的发展和城市化进程的不断加剧,人们出行需求也趋于多样化,城市交通需求的供需不平衡矛盾日益尖锐。由于城市轨道交通能力大、速度快、准时以及安全等特点,已经成为很多大城市公共交通出行的首要选择。城市居民的出行具有一定的时间规律,在某些时段(如早晨上班高峰和晚上下班高峰)往往会出现城市轨道交通拥挤现象。这种拥挤现象会给城市轨道交通带来诸多成本损失,如出行时间增长、出行速度减慢、出行舒适度降低等。高峰定价属于差别定价,是交通需求管理的一种方式,通过在高峰时段收取高峰拥挤费用,从时间和空间两方面对客流出行需求进行调节,以达到缓解交通拥挤的目的。围绕高峰定价问题,本文主要工作有以下几方面： (1)对缓解城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤的三种措施进行了简单介绍并进行了系统分析,对实施三种措施的效果进行了评价。 (2)对城市轨道交通票制进行了简单的介绍,在此基础上从客流特点、票价弹性、售检票设施以及居民接受程度几方面对高峰定价进行了可行性分析。 (3)对城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤产生的原因进行了系统的分析,从经济学角度应用边际成本理论解释了城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤收费的原理。 (4)在边际成本理论的基础上,建立城市轨道交通高峰拥挤定价模型,并将其推广至城市轨道交通、常规公交两种交通方式下城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤定价模型和多类用户、两种交通方式下城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤定价模型。给出一个算例,利用Matlab软件进行模型的验证,分析了收取高峰拥挤费用后对客流的影响。 (5)针对如何确定区域研究的情况,建立了基于最少收费路段的城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤定价模型和基于区域收费的城市轨道交通高峰期拥挤定价模型,同时优化收费路段和收费额,并采用遗传算法进行了模型求解。给出了一个例子,利用Matlab中遗传算法工具箱进行了模型验证,分析了不同收费方案对客流造成的影响。 (6)分析了高峰定价在具体实施过程中可能出现的问题,针对这些问题提出了相应的解决方案,提出了高峰定价实施的初步构想。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and the process of urbanization, people's travel demand is becoming more and more diversified, and the imbalance between supply and demand of urban transportation demand is becoming more and more acute. Because of the large capacity of urban rail transit, the speed of urban rail transit is fast. The characteristics of punctuality and safety have become the first choice of public transportation in many big cities. The travel of urban residents has a certain time rule. In some periods (such as morning rush hour and late commuting peak), urban rail transit congestion often occurs, which will bring a lot of cost loss to urban rail transit, such as the increase of travel time. Peak pricing belongs to differential pricing, which is a way of traffic demand management. The travel demand of passenger flow is adjusted from two aspects of time and space in order to alleviate traffic congestion. The main work of this paper is as follows: In this paper, three measures to alleviate the rush hour congestion of urban rail transit are introduced and systematically analyzed, and the effect of the three measures is evaluated. This paper briefly introduces the ticket system of urban rail transit, and analyzes the feasibility of peak pricing from the aspects of passenger flow characteristics, ticket price elasticity, ticket inspection facilities and residents' acceptance degree. In this paper, the causes of rush hour congestion of urban rail transit are systematically analyzed, and the principle of congestion charge in urban rail transit peak period is explained by using marginal cost theory from the angle of economics. On the basis of marginal cost theory, a congestion pricing model of urban rail transit is established and extended to urban rail transit. The congestion pricing model of urban rail transit during rush hour and multi-class users under two modes of conventional public transport, and the congestion pricing model of urban rail transit in two modes of transportation are given in this paper. Using Matlab software to verify the model, the effect of charging peak congestion charge on the passenger flow is analyzed. 5) aiming at how to determine the situation of regional research, a congestion pricing model of urban rail transit rush hour based on minimum toll section and a congestion pricing model of urban rail transit rush hour based on regional toll are established. At the same time, the toll section and toll charge are optimized, and the model is solved by genetic algorithm. An example is given, and the model is verified by genetic algorithm toolbox in Matlab. The influence of different charging schemes on passenger flow is analyzed. This paper analyzes the possible problems in the implementation of peak pricing, puts forward corresponding solutions to these problems, and puts forward a preliminary conception of the implementation of peak pricing.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F570.5

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