近代重庆码头搬运业研究（1891-1949）

发布时间：2018-04-28 07:16

本文选题：码头搬运业 + 组织　；参考：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：码头搬运业是重庆近代社会经济发展中一个不可或缺的行业。近代以来,经历了清末重庆开埠时期、第二十一军控制重庆时期、抗日战争及国共内战等历史时期。重庆地区的码头搬运业在行业规模、组织状况等方面都有了显著的发展。同时,搬运工人的社会生活也受到了不同时期社会经济状况的影响,并呈现出不同的特点。本文以近代重庆开埠通商以来的码头搬运业为研究对象,研究这一行业在不同历史时期的发展演变,并重点论述了码头工会成立对码头搬运业的影响；政府对码头搬运业的管理变迁,并对码头搬运工的生存状况进行探讨。重庆开埠后,随着川江航运业的发展,重庆码头搬运业得到初步发展,逐渐成为重庆地区交通运输中不可或缺的一环。第二十一军控制重庆时期,重庆的行政地位提升,处于刘湘“军人干政”的控制,政局相对稳定。当局政府积极修建和完善相关码头设施,促进了码头搬运业的发展。抗战军兴以来,大量物资涌入后方,加之重庆成为国民政府的陪都,“下江人”纷纷涌入重庆,重庆进入空前繁荣的历史时期,重庆码头的货物吞吐量、物资数量等都有了很大发展,码头搬运业也得到空前发展。抗战胜利后,国民政府迁回南京,各方势力试图控制重庆码头,码头形势复杂化。近代重庆码头搬运业行业组织在不同历史时期呈现出不同的发展变化。重庆开埠初,袍哥势力控制了重庆码头行帮。在袍哥把头的带领下,码头行帮具有很强的垄断性,各个行帮把头分别控制了不同区域的码头搬运。第二十一军控制重庆时期,码头搬运业中的传统行帮纷纷改组,成立工会。工会虽然保留了传统行帮的一些特点,在组织上又有向近代化转型的趋势,组织机构更趋规范,因而较之开埠初期的行帮,更能维护搬运工人的利益。工会的建立,使得工人凝结成一股社会力量,在民族主义浪潮兴起的1920年代,表现出某些符合时代潮流的“近代精神”。在工会的引导下,工人能够争取一部分自己的利益,并与帮会势力、政府当局进行一定程度上的博弈。抗日战争时期,国民政府对码头秩序进行整顿,加大了对码头工会组织的监管力度,不仅对码头工会的组织形式进行改革,更引导其在经济功能上向近代行业组织过渡。码头搬运工的生活状况在不同历史时期也呈现出不同的特点。开埠初期,由于传统行帮组织的限制,码头行帮中存在许多剥削方式,工人难以维护其正当利益。收入方面,由于码头搬运行业实行转包制,掌握了工作资源的各级包工头、把头等,往往抽取扣头,盘剥工人,工人无力反抗。码头搬运工人的生活,总体上看异常艰难,工作时间、劳动强度等都比较强。抗战初期,重庆行政地位提升,大量物资聚集重庆,使得重庆出现短暂的繁荣,也创造了更多的就业机会,因此,工人收入得以提高。但好景不长,随着国民经济的逐渐恶化,社会最底层的码头搬运工也是首当其冲,深受其苦。
[Abstract]:The port handling industry is an indispensable industry in the social and economic development of Chongqing in modern times. Since modern times, it experienced the period of the opening of Chongqing in the late Qing Dynasty, the twenty-first army controlled the period of Chongqing, the war of resistance against Japan and the civil war of the Kuomintang and other historical periods. The port handling industry in Chongqing has developed significantly in the aspects of industry scale and organization. At the time, the social life of the porters has also been influenced by the social and economic conditions of different periods, and presents different characteristics. This paper studies the development and evolution of this industry in different historical periods, and expounds the shadow of the establishment of the wharf trade union on the wharf handling industry in the modern Chongqing. The management changes of the dockyard industry are discussed, and the survival condition of the dock porters is also discussed.
After the opening of the port in Chongqing, with the development of the shipping industry of the Sichuan river, the port handling industry in Chongqing has been preliminarily developed and gradually became an integral part of the traffic and transportation in Chongqing. During the period of the control of Chongqing, the administrative status of the twenty-first army was promoted, and the government was under the control of Liu Xiang's "military affairs", and the political situation was relatively stable. The government was actively building and finishing the construction and completion of the government. Since the Anti Japanese army was in the rear, a large number of materials poured into the rear, and Chongqing became the capital of the national government. "The people of the Jiang River" poured into Chongqing, and Chongqing entered an unprecedented prosperous historical period. The quantity of cargo and the quantity of goods and materials in the dock of the Chongqing wharf had been greatly developed. After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the Kuomintang government moved back to Nanjing, and all sides tried to control the Chongqing port. The Docklands were complicated.
Chongqing wharf transportation industry organization in the modern times showed different development and changes in different historical periods. At the beginning of Chongqing's opening, the robe brother forces controlled the Chongqing wharf bank. Under the lead of Robe brother, the wharf bank has a strong monopoly, and the head of each bank control the wharf handling in different regions. The control of the twenty-first army is heavy. In the Qing period, the traditional banks in the wharf handling industry have reorganized and formed a trade union. Although the trade unions have retained some characteristics of the traditional banks, they also have the trend of transition to modernization in the organization, and the organization is more standardized. Therefore, the trade union is more able to maintain the benefits of the porters than the beginning of the opening of the port. The establishment of the trade union makes the workers condense into one. In the 1920s of the tide of nationalism, the share of social forces showed some "modern spirit" which was in line with the tide of the times. Under the guidance of the trade union, the workers could strive for a part of their own interests and played a certain game with the forces of the gang and the government authorities. During the war of resistance against Japan, the national government rectified the order of the wharf. It has strengthened the supervision of the union organization of the wharf, not only to reform the organization form of the wharf trade union, but also to guide its transition to the modern industry organization in the economic function.
The living conditions of the wharf porters also show different characteristics in different historical periods. In the early days of the opening of the port, due to the restriction of the traditional bank organization, there were many ways of exploitation in the wharf bank, and the workers were unable to maintain their legitimate interests. In the early days of the war of resistance against Japan, the administrative status of Chongqing increased and a large number of materials gathered in Chongqing, which made Chongqing a brief prosperity and created more employment opportunities, therefore, workers' income. It has been improved. But it has not been long. With the gradual deterioration of the national economy, the bottom Porter of the society is also the first to bear the brunt.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K25;F552.9

【参考文献】