1932年天津电车加价风潮研究

发布时间：2018-07-23 17:55

【摘要】：本文以20世纪30年代初天津电车加价纠纷为个案,通过对天津电车加价风潮兴起、激化、演变及平息过程的细致描述与具体分析,充分展现电车公司、电车工人、天津各业工会、天津市政府以及党部错综复杂的关系,透视党政对纠纷的不同态度,以及各个利益群体在纠纷中的博弈与互动。比商天津电车电灯公司是天津创立时间较早、规模较大的一家外资企业,拥有天津电车、电灯事业的特许经营权。1932年1月1日,公司以物价上涨、材料昂贵、工人要求养老金等为由,提高天津各路电车票价。天津市各自治区办事处、各同业公会、各业工会、教育会等对此表示强烈反对,纷纷呈请党政当局迅速制止电车加价。市政府与电车公司的多次交涉均无成果。同时,在市党部的倡议与指导下,天津市各业工会组成了反对电车加价委员会,组织纠察队在各路电车演讲、劝导市民乘坐电车不购票,以此方式对公司施压。随着纠察队行动的展开,天津各业工会内部开始产生利益分化。以电车工会为代表的部分群体不仅对纠察队的运动方式不满,还把矛头直指纠察队背后的市党部领导,发起“驱逐党部整委刘不同”运动。纠察队倡导的“乘车不购票”行动与电车工会等的“驱刘”运动相互交织、对峙。纠察队与电车工人不断发生流血冲突,电车工人全体罢工抗议纠察队,电车加价风潮日益扩大化。电车加价问题经比利时驻津领事与河北省政府直接交涉,仍未得到解决。电车工人罢工后,市政府严禁纠察队行动,整委刘不同被调离天津,“驱刘”运动结束。天津市党政当局走向合作,召开党政联席会议,命令公司立即恢复原价。公司拒不听令,由比利时驻华公使与北平绥靖公署及外交部进行交涉,事件由商业纠纷上升至外交调处。加价纠纷最终以电车加价合法化,公司向政府缴纳6万元补助慈善事业而告以结束。随后,电车工人以公司盈利增加为由,要求提高工资、改善待遇,劳资纠纷凸显。要求未得到满足时,电车工人以行驶电车不售票的方式抗议公司,在省、市党政当局的协同调解下,事件得以最终平息。本文通过对事件过程的动态分析,透视纠纷中各方的博弈与互动。市民团体反对电车加价含有一定的民族主义情绪,但主要是出于对自身利益的维护,体现了市民的维权意识与主体意识。市政府与公司的交涉互动中,公司一直态度强硬,政府始终处于被动地位。事件不断升级,由商业纠纷上升至外交调处,充分证明了地方政府实力的软弱。市党部试图以运动方式解决问题,挑战地方政府权威,却在运动中丧失民心,天津市党政由背离走向合作。在事件中,电车工会显示出组织的完善与内部的团结,无论是在反对电车加价运动中反对纠察队、抗议党部,还是在劳资纠纷中领导工人怠工、抗议电车公司,都是以为工人争取最大利益为准则的。
[Abstract]:This paper, taking the Tianjin tram price rise dispute in the early 1930s as a case, through a detailed description and detailed analysis of the rise of the Tianjin tram price surge, the intensification, the evolution and the process of peace, fully displays the complex relationship between the tramcar company, the tramcar workers, the Tianjin trade unions, the Tianjin municipal government and the party department, and examines the differences between the party and the government to the dispute. Attitude and the game and interaction of interest groups in disputes.
Tianjin tram lamp company is an earlier, larger foreign enterprise in Tianjin, which has the franchise rights of the Tianjin tramcar and the electric light industry in January 1st. In January 1st, the company raised the price of the tramcar in Tianjin on the basis of the rising prices, the expensive materials and the workers' pension, and so on. The Tianjin Municipal Office of the autonomous regions and the same trades At the same time, the trade unions and the educational associations expressed strong opposition to this, and asked the party and government authorities to quickly stop the price increase. There were no results in the negotiation between the municipal government and the tram company. At the same time, under the initiative and guidance of the municipal Party ministry, the trade unions of Tianjin formed a committee against the trolley price increase, and organized an inspection team to speak on trams all the way. Members of the public do not buy tickets by tram, which puts pressure on the company in this way.
With the operation of the inspection team, the trade unions in Tianjin began to generate profit differentiation. Some groups represented by the tram trade union were not only dissatisfied with the movement mode of the inspection team, but also directed at the leadership of the municipal Party department behind the team, and launched the "party Ministry Liu Butong" movement. The "drive Liu" movement, such as the power trade union and the tram trade union, is intertwined and confronting. The clashes between the picket team and the trolley worker, the tramcar workers' strike protest team, the tram price increasing trend are increasing. The tram pricing problem has not been solved by the direct connection between the Belgian consul and the Hebei provincial government.
After the strike of the tram workers, the city government banned the operation of the inspection team. The whole Party Liu was transferred to the Tianjin and the "drive Liu" movement ended. The party and government authorities of the city of Tianjin took the joint meeting of the party and the government to restore the original price. The company refused to listen to the order, and the Belgian ambassador to China was involved with the Beiping appeasement office and the Ministry of foreign affairs. The commercial disputes rose to the diplomatic position. The dispute ended with the legalization of the trolley price increase. The company paid 60 thousand yuan to the government to pay the charity. Then, the trolley workers increased their earnings as a result of the company's profit. The way to protest the company, in the provincial and municipal Party and government organs under the coordination of mediation, the incident finally subsided.
Through the dynamic analysis of the event process, this paper analyzes the game and interaction of all parties in the dispute. The civil group is opposed to a certain nationalist sentiment, but mainly for the maintenance of its own interests, which embodies the consciousness of the citizens and the consciousness of the main body. The government has always been in a passive position. The escalation of events from commercial disputes to diplomatic mediation fully proves the weakness of the local government. The municipal Party Department tries to solve the problems by sports and challenges the authority of the local government, but loses the heart of the people in the movement. The party and government of the city of Tianjin has gone from departure to cooperation. In the event, tram trade unions showed that the tram trade union The perfection of the organization and the internal unity, whether it was against the picket team in the campaign against the trolley fare, the protest of the party department, or the neglect of the workers in the labor dispute, and the protest of the tram company, were the criteria for the workers to strive for the best interests.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F572.89;K263

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