公路交通能源外部性的生命周期评价

发布时间：2018-09-13 14:30

【摘要】：公路交通在为经济建设和人们出行便利做出巨大贡献的同时也给社会造成了诸如环境损害问题、公路损坏、交通阻塞及事故和石油依赖等负的外部影响。这些外部性给社会带来的成本通常并没有反映到现有公路交通行业的价格上。在这些负外部性之中，环境损害问题，尤其是能源消耗的污染物排放所造成损害的相关问题，日益受到人们的重视。目前，汽车行业已经成为中国的耗油大户，也是空气污染的一个重要源头。因此，在中国的公路交通部门建立一种基于温室气体和其他污染物排放的会计方法，是必要而且可行的。基于GREET2011模型，本文提出一种全生命周期的方法来计算国内的能源消耗和污染排放，并将这些污染物排放所带来的环境影响赋予货币价值加以评估。本文首先介绍了外部性理论的基本知识，继而衍生至公路交通部门相关的外部性，具体分析了其环境外部影响，就该部门能源消耗污染物排放的种类、影响路径和损害货币价值计量分别做出陈述。随后引入生命周期评价理论及其框架，分析将其应用于能源分析领域的优缺点，为下文具体分析做出铺垫。然后概述了石油、生物和天然气，这三种基本类型的公路交通能源的生命周期过程。最后，在这些理论基础上，利用GREET模型对公路交通部门所使用的八种能源作了生命周期的能耗和环境评估，具体涵盖了这些能源在生命周期的各个阶段，包括原料开采、燃料加工和车辆运行消耗。最后利用平均价值转移法，计算出每种能源全生命周期及各阶段的污染物排放的环境外部成本。对于八种能源的环境外部成本的分析结果显示，，二甲醚和甲醇汽油分别以0.43元和0.38元位于前两位。生物柴油的环境外部成本为0.097元，能源负外部性最小。
[Abstract]:Highway traffic not only contributes greatly to economic construction and people's travel convenience, but also causes negative external effects such as environmental damage, highway damage, traffic congestion, accidents and oil dependence. The costs of these externalities are often not reflected in the price of the existing road transport industry. Among these negative externalities, people pay more and more attention to the problem of environmental damage, especially the damage caused by pollutant emissions from energy consumption. At present, the automobile industry has become China's fuel consumption, but also an important source of air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary and feasible to establish an accounting method based on greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions in China's road transportation department. Based on the GREET2011 model, a life-cycle method is proposed to calculate the domestic energy consumption and pollution emissions, and the environmental impact of these pollutants is evaluated with monetary value. This paper first introduces the basic knowledge of externality theory, and then derives from the externalities related to the highway transportation sector, analyzes its environmental external effects, and discusses the types of pollutant emissions from energy consumption in this sector. The path of influence and the measure of damage monetary value are stated separately. Then the life cycle evaluation theory and its framework are introduced to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of their application in the field of energy analysis. Then the life-cycle processes of three basic types of road transportation energy, oil, biological and natural gas, are outlined. Finally, on the basis of these theories, GREET model is used to evaluate the energy consumption and environment of the eight energy sources used in the highway transportation sector, which covers all stages of the life cycle, including the exploitation of raw materials. Fuel processing and vehicle running consumption. At last, the environmental external cost of pollutant emission in each energy life cycle and each stage is calculated by using the average value transfer method. The analysis of environmental external cost of eight kinds of energy sources shows that dimethyl ether and methanol gasoline are in the first two places at 0.43 yuan and 0.38 yuan respectively. The environmental external cost of biodiesel is 0.097 yuan, and the negative externality of energy is the least.
【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F206;F542;F224

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