山岳型森林公园生态安全评价研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 12:40

本文关键词： 山岳型森林公园生态安全评价生态安全管理张家界国家森林公园　出处：《中南林业科技大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：森林旅游以高质量的环境资源和森林景观为主要旅游资源,已成为生态旅游的主要形式。然而随着森林旅游的迅猛发展,森林旅游的环境问题日益突出,森林旅游的生态环境安全和可持续发展受到严重的威胁和挑战,完善和改进生态环境保护的技术手段和管理水平,开展森林公园的生态安全评价和管理研究,是实现森林旅游可持续发展的关键所在。已有的森林旅游环境影响评价研究基本是分析旅游活动对大气、水体、植被、垃圾、噪声、土壤、野生动物等各自然生态环境因子的影响和评价各自然生态环境因子所发生的变化。而很少有学者从旅游生态系统的整体安全出发,从自然、经济、社会和文化等方面对旅游的影响进行综合的评价。已有的区域生态安全评价涉及的对象虽然很广,但目前关于旅游地生态安全的研究还相对较少,还没有提出完整的旅游地生态安全评价指标体系和评价方法。以森林公园为研究对象的生态安全评价还是空白。基于此,本研究结合旅游生态学、环境科学等学科的理论与研究方法,定性分析与定量分析相结合,理论研究与实证研究相结合,对我国山岳型森林公园的生态安全评价指标体系开展了深入研究,提出了更具操作性的评价方法,并以张家界国家森林公园为例进行了实证并提出了相应的管理对策。论文的主要观点和创新如下： (1)探讨了森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础。在深入分析其他生态安全评价的理论基础上,结合森林公园复合旅游生态系统的特性,从可持续发展理论、环境影响评价理论、生态系统理论对森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础予以了探讨。可持续发展理论是生态安全理论形成的思想基础；环境影响评价从可持续发展的角度对提议的开发计划和决策的不利环境影响和后果进行预测和控制,是实现经济、社会和环境协调发展的手段和综合决策机制,是基于生态环境保护的旅游可持续发展方法；生态系统理论要求生态安全评价从生态系统的角度,综合考虑旅游的开发利用所造成的生态环境、经济、社会等因子的变化对旅游生态系统的安全影响程度。 (2)分析了影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素。通过综合分析森林公园生态安全的主要影响因素及山岳型森林公园的主要特征,得出影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素分为自然因素和人为因素,其中自然因素包括森林火灾、森林病虫害、森林气象和地质灾害、大气污染、地表水的污染、旅游垃圾污染、噪声污染；人为因素包括游客接待量的增长强度的压力、水量供需平衡能力、旅游开发对森林公园生态系统的干扰、外来物种的入侵、森林植被的破坏、生态教育体系的完善程度、“三废”处理的强度、环境管理体系的完善程度、法律体系的完善程度和社区管理水平。 (3)构建了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。按照森林公园生态安全评价指标体系构建的原则,综合运用文献法、频度统计法、专家咨询法、开放式访谈法和高层专家研讨等方法,经过4轮的讨论最终建立了包括游客量接待强度等21个指标的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。 (4)提出了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。在分析现有生态安全评价标准的基础上,提出了适合山岳型森林公园生态安全管理的具有实际操作性的生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。 (5)以温州森林公园为例分析了我国森林公园的生态安全现状。得出温州森林公园生态安全的现状不容乐观,其中仅有花岩国家森林公园的生态安全处于“安全”状态,其余公园都处于“不安全”状态。 (6)对张家界国家森林公园予以实证。运用所提出的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价等级分类标准对张家界国家森林公园进行实证,并分析了影响其生态安全的主要因素,提出了其生态安全管理对策。以上研究成果是对生态安全评价研究理论的完善和补充,从生态安全视角研究我国森林旅游区的生态环境保护,拓宽了旅游环境影响评价的研究领域,丰富了旅游生态学和森林旅游学的内容,因而具有重要的理论意义；另外,本研究成果将为我国森林公园和森林旅游区的生态环境保护和生态安全管理提供科学依据,对指导我国森林旅游业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
[Abstract]:Forest tourism with high quality environmental resources and forest landscape as the main tourist resources, has become the main form of tourism. However, with the rapid development of forest tourism, forest tourism environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, the ecological environment and the sustainable development of forest tourism due to serious threats and challenges, and to improve the protection of the ecological environment technology and management level, to carry out ecological safety evaluation and management of the Forest Park, is the key to realize the sustainable development of forest tourism.
Study on the forest tourism environmental impact assessment has been the basic analysis of tourism activities on atmosphere, water, vegetation, garbage, noise, soil, change the effects of wild animal natural ecological environmental factors and evaluation of the natural ecological environment factors. But few scholars from the overall ecological security of tourism system starting from nature, comprehensive evaluation of the impact of economic, social and cultural aspects of tourism.
The object of regional ecological security assessment has been involved although very broad, but the current research on the ecological security of tourist destination is relatively small, also did not put forward the index system and evaluation method of tourism to complete the ecological safety evaluation. In Forest Park ecological safety evaluation research is still blank.
Based on this, this study combines tourism ecology, theory and research method of environmental science, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, combination of theoretical research and empirical research, the ecological security assessment index system of China's mountain Forest Park to carry out in-depth research, put forward the evaluation method more practical, and to the Zhangjiajie national Forest Park as an example and put forward corresponding management countermeasures. The main ideas and innovations of the dissertation are as follows:
(1) discusses the basic theory of the Forest Park ecological safety evaluation. Based on in-depth analysis of other ecological security evaluation, combined with the characteristics of compound tourism ecological system of Forest Park, from the theory of sustainable development, the theory of environmental impact assessment, the theoretical basis of ecological system theory to evaluate the ecological security of Forest Park is discussed. The theory of sustainable development thought form the basis of the theory of ecological security; prediction and control of adverse environmental impacts and consequences of environmental impact assessment from the perspective of sustainable development of the proposed development plan and decision, is to achieve economic, social and environmental coordinated development means and comprehensive decision-making mechanism, is the sustainable development of tourism ecological environment protection method based on ecological system theory; evaluation of ecological security from the angle of ecological system, ecological comprehensive development and utilization of tourism caused by considering The impact of environmental, economic, social and other factors on the safety of tourism ecosystem.
(2) analysis of the main factors restricting mountain Forest Park ecological security. The main characteristics of main influencing factors of comprehensive analysis of the ecological security of the Forest Park and mountain Forest Park, the main factors that affect the ecological security of the mountain Forest Park is divided into natural and human factors, the natural factors including forest fires, forest pest geological disasters, weather and forest air pollution, surface water pollution, tourism waste pollution, noise pollution; human factors including the growth intensity of tourist reception pressure, ability of balance of water supply and demand, the interference of tourism development on the Forest Park ecosystem, invasive species, destruction of forest vegetation, the degree of perfection of the ecological education system. The "three wastes" treatment intensity, the degree of perfection of the environmental management system, improve the legal system and community management level.
(3) to construct the evaluation index system of mountain Forest Park ecological security. According to the evaluation index system of the Forest Park ecological security principle, the integrated use of literature method, frequency statistics, expert consultation, open interviews and high-level expert discussion, after discussion of the 4 round of the final and established the system of ecological security evaluation of mountain Forest Park the amount of tourists reception strength index includes 21 indicators.
(4) the mountain Forest Park ecological security evaluation standard and classification standard. Based on analyzing the existing ecological security evaluation standard, put forward for the mountain Forest Park ecological safety management practical ecological security evaluation criteria and evaluation classification standards.
(5) Forest Park in Wenzhou as an example to analyze the present situation of ecological safety in China Forest Park. The status quo of Wenzhou Forest Park ecological security is not optimistic, the ecological security only flower Rock National Forest Park in a "safe" state, the parks are in the "unsafe" state.
(6) to be positive in Zhangjiajie national Forest Park. Using the classification standard of mountain Forest Park ecological security evaluation grade proposed empirical of Zhangjiajie national Forest Park, and analyzes the main factors affecting its ecological security, the ecological security management strategy.
The above research results are the ecological security evaluation to improve and supplement the theory of ecological environment protection in forest tourist areas in China from the view of the ecological safety, broaden the research field of tourism environmental impact assessment, enrich the tourism ecology and forest tourism, and has important theoretical significance; in addition, the results of this study the ecological environment protection and ecological safety management for China's Forest Park and forest tourist areas to provide a scientific basis, has important practical significance for guiding the sustainable development of forest tourism in our country.

【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：X826;F592

【参考文献】