生态旅游对白马雪山滇金丝猴影响的研究

发布时间：2018-11-04 09:15

【摘要】：自然保护区不仅有保护野生濒危动植物的作用，同时集完整的生态系统和原生态的自然景观于一体，使之成为开展生态旅游的最佳场所。然而，近年来开展生态旅游的保护区越来越多，随之出现的负面影响越来越多，如何平衡保护区的有效利用与合理保护是一个重要的课题。白马雪山自然保护区滇金丝猴国家公园开展旅游比较晚，旅游活动带来的负面影响还不甚明显。但是由于滇金丝猴的独特地位，是不允许经受影响后再实施恢复措施，而是要在开展旅游的过程中及早发现问题，找到解决的措施，这样才能保护滇金丝猴，也能使生态旅游可持续发展。在2012年7~10月，采用焦点动物观察法和随机观察法实地调查获取开展旅游后的滇金丝猴的行为、食性等方面的信息。同时，采用入户走访结合访谈和问卷调查等方法来了解滇金丝猴国家公园开展旅游的情况。共走访33户。在获得社区基本资料的基础上结合当地的历史资料了解社区开展旅游前后的资源利用、经济收入等情况。另外，对进入滇金丝猴国家公园的游客发放问卷调查310份，有效回收304份。此外，以家庭为单位选取一具有代表性的滇金丝猴群中一目标家庭为研究对象，记录在游客观赏时他们的行为时间分配、与游客的最近距离等相关数据。与此同时，观察投食食物的组成和观猴点的植被组成类型、海拔高度等自然因子。最后，结合社区参与情况、游客的生态保护意识以及景区的开展情况等内容对景区内的滇金丝猴管理进行了分析并提出了相应的建议。结果表明：(1)响古箐的三个村民小组，共46户197人；农业和畜牧业是居民的主要经济来源，旅游参与和以采集松茸为主的非木材林产品是社区经济的重要补充，旅游参与度较低。缺乏环境教育，参与旅游和保护环境的积极性不高。资源利用仍存在过度放牧、滥砍滥伐等问题。(2)进入国家公园的男性游客占63.7%，女性占36.3%，男女差别比较大；游客多来自云南省内，占80.2%的比例；年龄则以20~50岁为主体，51~60岁之间次之，20岁以下所占比例较低，60岁以上的最少。79.0%的游客具有大专及以上的学历，呈现出自主性、生态性、环保性、对国家公园有一定的了解并且能积极主动配合景区人员的管理，但是仍然存在游客投食、对滇金丝大声吼叫、扔石头、随地扔垃圾等现象。(3)自然因子中的海拔和天气对猴群的休息、移动、理毛和取食等行为均有不同程度的影响。同时，在人工饲喂状态下滇金丝猴的食谱发生了变化，其休息时间增加而移动时间减少，表明滇金丝猴的活动时间分配是多种因素共同作用的结果。（4）随着游客密度的增加，特别是游客密度达到30人以上时，各个年龄组的个体休息时间明显减少（p0.05），移动时间迅速增多（p0.01），表明游客密度少于30人是滇金丝猴能承受的心理安全感的一个临界值。（5）在人猴距离小于5m时，猴群移动次数频繁(p0.05)，持续时间也比较长，滇金丝猴表现出精神紧张，焦躁不安；在大于10m时，，猴群移动时间则明显下降(p0.01)，表明游人与滇金丝猴之间的距离至少应保持10m以上，才能使滇金丝猴的安全感增加，使人为干扰的影响相对减少。总体分析表明，白马雪山自然保护区在国家公园管理模式下，获得了值得肯定的经济、生态、社会效益。但是，旅游才开展3年，滇金丝猴的食性略有变化以及部分行为受到外界的干扰而发生相应的变化。建议通过提高社区旅游参与水平，实施游客分流，完善旅游解说系统，加强保护措施及建立滇金丝猴影响监测机制等措施来减轻或消除对滇金丝猴及其生存环境的负面影响。
[Abstract]:The nature reserve not only has the function of protecting the wild and endangered animals and plants, but also integrates the complete ecological system and the original ecological landscape and makes it the best place to carry out the eco-tourism. However, more and more protected areas of eco-tourism have been carried out in recent years, and there are more and more negative effects. How to balance the effective utilization and reasonable protection of protected areas is an important topic. It is not obvious that the negative influence brought by the tourism activity is not obvious since the tourism is carried out at the National Park of Yunnan Golden Monkey National Park in Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve. However, due to the unique position of Yunnan golden monkey, it is not allowed to carry out the recovery measures after the influence, but to find the problems early in the course of carrying out the tourism, find the measures to solve, so that the Yunnan golden monkey can be protected, and the eco-tourism can be continuously developed. In July ~ October, 2012, we used focus animal observation method and random observation method to obtain the behavior, feeding habits and other aspects of Yunnan golden monkey. Information. At the same time, visit the National Park of Yunnan Golden Monkey with the methods of household visit, interview, questionnaire and so on. Situation. Total visits 3 3. On the basis of obtaining the basic information of the community, combine the local historical data to understand the resource utilization and economic income before and after the tourism development In addition, 310 questionnaires were issued to tourists who entered the National Park of Rhinopithecus in Yunnan Province, and 30% of them were effectively recovered. 4. In addition, a target family in a representative Yunnan golden monkey group is selected as the research object in family units, and their behavior time distribution is recorded when tourists are viewed, and related to the nearest distance of tourists and so on. Data. At the same time, observe the composition of feeding food and the vegetation composition type, altitude, etc. of the monkey points. Finally, in combination with the community participation, the ecological protection consciousness of the tourists and the development of the scenic spot, the management of the Rhinopithecus in the scenic spot is analyzed and the corresponding measures are put forward The results show that: (1) There are 46 households in the three villagers' groups responding to the paleontology, and the agriculture and animal husbandry are the main economic sources of the residents, and the tourism participation and the non-wood forest products based on the collection of Tricholoma matsutake are the important supplement and tourism of the community economy. Low participation. Lack of environmental education, participation in tourism and protection of the environment The enthusiasm is not high. The use of resources still has over-grazing and deforestation. The number of male tourists entering the national park accounts for 63.7%, women account for 36. 3%, the difference between men and women is large, the number of tourists is from Yunnan Province, accounting for 80.2%, and the age is 20 ~ 5. The 20-year-old is the main body, the second is between 51 and 60 years old, the proportion below 20 years old is lower, the minimum of over 60 years old is 79. 0% of the tourists have a degree of college degree or above, show autonomy, ecology, environmental protection, have certain knowledge of national park and can actively cooperate with the scenic spot The management of the people, but there are still tourists to eat, shout at the Yunnan gold wires, throw stones, and throw them away. Waste and other phenomena. (3) The altitude and weather in natural factors are different for the rest, movement, hair and feeding behavior of the monkey group. At the same time, in the artificial feeding state, the recipe of the golden monkey changed, the rest time increased and the movement time decreased, indicating that the activity time distribution of the Yunnan golden monkey was a variety of factors. Results: (4) With the increase of the density of tourists, especially when the density of tourists reaches more than 30 people, the individual rest time of each age group is obviously reduced (P0.05), and the moving time is increased rapidly (p 0. 01), indicating that the tourist density is less than 30 people is the psychological safety that the Yunnan golden monkey can bear. A critical value was found. (5) When the distance between human monkeys was less than 5m, the number of monkeys was frequent (P0.05), and the duration was longer. 0. 01), indicating that the distance between the tourists and the Yunnan golden monkey should be kept at least 10m, so that the security of the Yunnan golden monkey can be increased, and the artificial interference is caused. The overall analysis indicated that the White Horse Snow Mountain Nature Reserve gained a positive economy under the national park management mode. However, tourism is only carried out for 3 years, the feeding habits of Yunnan golden monkey change slightly, and some behaviors are disturbed by the outside world. It is suggested that by improving community tourism participation level, implementing tourist diversion, perfecting tourism explanation system, strengthening protection measures and establishing the influence monitoring mechanism of Yunnan golden monkey to reduce or eliminate the Yunnan golden monkey and its students.
【学位授予单位】：西南林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：Q958;F592

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