刺参陆基养殖系统的能值分析和生命周期评价

发布时间：2018-01-12 05:21

本文关键词：刺参陆基养殖系统的能值分析和生命周期评价　出处：《中国海洋大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：水产养殖系统是典型的生态经济学系统，简单地用生态学或经济学方法对其加以研究都会有失偏颇。粗放的养殖方式通常具有较高的生态效益，，而单种类高密度的精养方式或许具有较高的经济效益。可持续的水产养殖系统的建立需要用恰当的生态经济学相结合的方法进行评判。而从系统生态学和生态经济学发展出来的新的科学概念和度量尺度——能值，给我们提供了衡量自然资源对经济发展的真实贡献的标准。能值理论和方法对于生态经济系统结构功能的定量分析、对于自然资源利用的合理度量以及对于生态系统可持续发展的评估研究，均具有科学的指导意义和切实的长远意义。同时统筹兼顾整个养殖生命周期中各阶段、各环节对环境造成的干预和影响，运用生命周期评价的方法，通过量化研究能源和资源利用及废弃物的环境排放来评估产品、工序和生产活动造成的环境负担，评价能源投入、资源利用及废弃物排放的影响，评估其可持续发展性并提出相应的改善措施。这对经济社会的运行、可持续发展战略的部署、环境管理政策的制定等均具有新的帮助。鉴于传统水产养殖业长期以来遭受的污染严重、疾病流行、良种匮乏、鱼粉短缺、产品质量堪忧等困扰，为避免该系列问题再现于刺参养殖业，促进刺参养殖业的可持续发展，本文选取目前我国北方同一区域（经济发展水平和气象、水文条件相似）中，三种不同集约化水平的刺参养殖模式（室内精养、池塘半精养和池塘粗养）开展研究。研究的主要内容包括对该三种刺参养殖模式进行能值分析，克服不精确的地域性参数的干扰，客观地评价室内精养、池塘半精养和池塘粗养三种养殖模式的资源输入、生产力、环境影响、经济收益以及可持续性；然后运用生命周期评价方法，对三种刺参养殖系统的能量和物质利用以及废气物排放进行比较和量化，评估不同刺参养殖系统对环境的影响，识别各系统对环境影响的关键点并提出相应的改善措施；最后基于生命周期评价原理对该三种养殖模式的刺参单位产量的碳足迹进行了量化比较，在碳排放的视角下评价了不同集约化程度刺参养殖模式的可持续性，为发展资源节约型和环境友好型的刺参养殖系统提供理论依据。研究结果总结如下： 1.我国北方刺参养殖的发展现状及其主要养殖模式总结了目前我国刺参养殖业发展的现状，分析了发展刺参养殖业的经济意义和生态意义，介绍了当前我国北方刺参养殖中精养、半精养和粗养三种养殖模式。最后从场地构建、饵料投喂和养殖管理等方面对上述三种刺参养殖模式进行了比较。 2.基于能值理论的我国北方刺参不同养殖系统可持续性评估能值分析方法是研究生态经济系统的有效工具，然而，不同区域经济、气象、水文等参数差异常会影响研究结果的精度。为克服这一困难，本研究选择了同一区域刺参精养、半精养和粗养三种养殖模式，评价了不同集约化水平养殖模式的经济收益、环境影响以及可持续性。分析结果表明：1.精养模式是高投入高产出的养殖方式，而池塘粗养模式是低投入低产出的养殖方式，室内精养模式的产出投入比比池塘粗养的要低；半精养模式介于上两者之间。2.刺参粗养系统的环境承载率（ELR）小于室内精养系统，而能值产出率（EYR）、能值交换率（EER）、能值可持续指标（ESI）和可持续发展能值指标（EISD）均大于室内精养系统，这表明现行粗养模式对环境的负面作用更小，对自然资源利用更有效，更符合可持续发展要求。3.与鱼类养殖系统相比，刺参养殖系统利用了更多的自然资源，可获得更多的能值收益，具有更小的环境压力，更可持续性。 3.我国北方刺参不同养殖系统的生命周期评价为有效地避免因经济发展水平和地域环境的不同而导致的背景噪音，更准确地评价不同集约化程度刺参养殖模式的可持续性，本文应用生命周期评价方法，对我国北方同一地域下的室内精养、池塘半精养和池塘粗养三种刺参养殖系统的建造阶段和养殖阶段的环境影响进行了比较分析，分析了它们的全球变暖潜势（1.86E+04，3.45E+03，2.36E+02）、富营养化潜势(6.65E+01，-1.24E+02,-1.65E+02)、酸化潜势(1.93E+02，4.33E+01，1.30E+00)、光化学烟雾形成潜势(2.35E-01，5.46E-02，2.53E-03)、人类健康损害潜势(2.47E+00，6.08E-01，4.91E+00)以及能源使用(3.36E+05，1.27E+04，1.48E+03)等环境影响指标。结果显示，室内精养系统中，能源占主导，导致室内精养系统的所有环境指标均高于半精养系统和粗养系统；半精养系统中，能源仍然是大部分环境指标的主导因素；相反，粗养系统中，基建材料占据了相对的主导地位。综合比较刺参的三种养殖模式发现，室内精养系统单位面积的经济收入远高于池塘养殖系统，但粗养系统是最可持续的养殖系统。本文还讨论了对各养殖系统改进措施建议。 4.基于生命周期评价理论的我国北方刺参不同养殖系统的碳足迹研究基于生命周期评价理论，构建了我国北方同一地域下的刺参室内精养、池塘半精养和池塘粗养三种养殖系统的碳足迹计算方法，量化比较了三种系统中单位刺参产量（1吨）的碳排放量，并对各系统中碳足迹的主要影响因素进行了初步分析。结果表明：室内精养、池塘半精养和池塘粗养三种刺参养殖系统的单位刺参产量碳排放量分别为38887.78、9024.41和269.96kg CO2当量；室内精养系统和池塘半精养系统的碳足迹均由电能的碳排放所主导，分别占78.7%和96.9%，池塘粗养系统中聚乙烯附着基的碳排放占最大比例（69.6%）。从碳足迹的角度分析，我国刺参的池塘养殖模式明显优于室内精养模式，更符合可持续发展的要求。本文还讨论了对各养殖系统改进措施的建议。
[Abstract]:Aquaculture system is a typical system of ecological economics, simply to study will be biased by ecology and economics method. The ecological benefits of extensive farming methods usually have higher economic benefits, and single species high density culture may have higher. Need to establish appropriate method combining with the ecological economics the aquaculture system of sustainable evaluation. From the new scientific concept of ecology and ecological economics system developed and measure can provide a measure of natural resource value, the real contribution to economic development of the standard for us. Quantitative analysis of value theory and method for eco economic system structure and function, for evaluation on the utilization of natural resources and reasonable measures for the sustainable development of the ecological system, which has scientific significance and practical long-term Meaning. At the same time consider the various stage of the whole life cycle of breeding, the link to the environment caused by interference and influence, using the method of life cycle assessment, evaluation of products through the quantitative study of energy and resource utilization and waste emissions to the environment, the environmental burden make process and production activities, evaluation of energy input, resource use and waste emissions, evaluate its sustainable development and puts forward the corresponding improvement measures. The economic and social operation, sustainable development strategy deployment, environmental management policies have new help.
In view of the traditional aquaculture industry has long suffered serious pollution, disease, lack of improved varieties, fishmeal shortage, product quality worrying problems, in order to avoid the problems in reproduction and promote the sustainable development of sea cucumber aquaculture, sea cucumber aquaculture, this paper selects the North China region (the same level of economic development and the meteorological and hydrological conditions, similar in) that sea cucumber culture in three different modes of the intensive level (indoor intensive culture ponds, semi intensive pond and coarse Yang) to carry out research. The main research contents include the three kinds of sea cucumber culture model of emergy analysis, to overcome the interference of regional parameters accurately and objectively evaluate the indoor intensive culture, environmental impact semi intensive pond and pond coarse raise three aquaculture models of resource input, productivity, economic benefits and sustainability; and then use the method of life cycle assessment of three kinds of sea cucumber aquaculture system The material and energy use and emissions were compared and quantified, evaluate the effects of different culture system of Apostichopus japonicus on the environment, the key point of environmental impact identification system and puts forward the corresponding improvement measures; finally, based on the life cycle assessment principle of carbon footprint of the three kinds of culture modes of sea cucumber yield per unit was compared quantitatively. In view of the carbon emissions evaluation of sustainable intensification of different sea cucumber cultivation mode, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of sea cucumber aquaculture system of resource saving and environmental friendly. The research results are summarized as follows:
1. development status and main culture mode of acumen aquaculture in North China
This paper summarizes the current situation of the development of sea cucumber aquaculture in China, analyzes the development of sea cucumber aquaculture economic and ecological significance, introduced the current North China Sea Cucumber Breeding in aquiculture, semi intensive and extensive three aquaculture models. Finally, from the construction site, feed and breeding management and other aspects of comparison the three sea cucumber breeding mode.
2. sustainability assessment of different breeding systems of Cucumis japonicus in North China based on the theory of energy
Emergy analysis method is an effective tool of eco economic system, however, different regional economy, meteorological, hydrological parameters such as anomaly will affect the results of the study precision. To overcome this difficulty, this study chose the same regional sea cucumber breeding, semi intensive and rough planting pattern to raise three, economic evaluation income level of different patterns of intensive breeding, environmental impact and sustainability. The analysis results show that the raising pattern of 1. fine is a high input and high output cultivation methods, and the coarse mode is farming pond have low input and low output, the input and output of raising pattern of indoor fine coarse feed to low Bibi pond; semi intensive culture from between the two mode.2. of Stichopus japonicus raising systems in the environmental loading ratio (ELR) less than the indoor intensive culture system, and the emergy yield ratio (EYR), emergy exchange rate (EER), emergy sustainable index (ESI) and sustainable development index (EISD) were More than indoor intensive systems, which indicates that the current crude raising pattern of negative effects on the environment of the smaller, more efficient use of natural resources, more in line with the requirements of sustainable development of.3. and fish compared to sea cucumber aquaculture system uses more natural resources, can obtain more energy value with less environmental pressure, more sustainable.
3. life cycle evaluation of different breeding systems of Cucumis japonicus in North China
In order to effectively avoid the background noise caused by the level of economic development and different geographical environment, the sustainability of a more accurate evaluation of different degree of intensification of sea cucumber culture model, this paper used the method of life cycle assessment in northern China the same region under indoor culture, environmental impact of construction stage and semi intensive pond thick keep three kinds of sea cucumber aquaculture pond system and breeding stage were compared, analyzed their global warming potential (1.86E+04,3.45E+03,2.36E+02), eutrophication potential (6.65E+01, -1.24E+02, -1.65E+02), acidification potential (1.93E+02,4.33E+01,1.30E+00), photochemical smog formation potential (2.35E-01,5.46E-02,2.53E-03), the potential damage to human health potential (2.47E+00,6.08E-01,4.91E+00) and energy (3.36E+05,1.27E+04,1.48E+03) environmental impact indicators. The results show that a system of indoor fine, dominant energy, Cause all environmental indicators system keep indoor fine were higher than that in semi intensive systems and crude support system; support system semi intensive, energy is still the dominant factor in most environmental indicators; on the contrary, the crude support system, infrastructure materials occupy a dominant position relative. Found three aquaculture models of comprehensive comparison of sea cucumber, raising system unit area fine interior economic income is much higher than that of pond culture system, but the system is a rough farming system the most sustainable. This paper also discusses the improvement measures of the farming system.
4. study on carbon footprint of different breeding systems of Cucumis japonicus in northern China based on life cycle evaluation theory
Based on the life cycle assessment theory, constructs the fine interior of North China Sea under the same region, calculation method of semi intensive pond and pond aquaculture system have three thick carbon footprint, the quantitative comparison of yield per unit in the three systems of sea cucumber (1 tons) of carbon emissions are analyzed and the main impact on the carbon footprint of each system factors. The results show that the indoor breeding unit, sea cucumber yield carbon emissions and semi intensive pond pond raised three rough sea cucumber culture system for 38887.789024.41 and 269.96kg CO2 were dominated by the equivalent; indoor intensive culture ponds system system and semi fine carbon footprint by electricity carbon emissions accounted for 78.7% and 96.9%, the pond thick keep system polyethylene attachment carbon emissions accounted for the largest proportion (69.6%). From the analysis of the carbon footprint of the angle, raising pattern of pond aquaculture in China is obviously better than that of indoor fine sea cucumber, more Fu This paper also discusses the suggestions for the improvement measures for each breeding system.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：S968.9

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