基于遥感与GIS东北界河地区生态环境质量评价

发布时间：2018-03-11 07:30

本文选题：生态环境质量评价　切入点：小流域　出处：《吉林大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：生态环境不仅是人类赖以生存的环境基础，更是社会经济可持续发展的保障。对某一区域的生态环境质量进行评价，可以全面了解该区域的生态环境状况，有助于规划该区域的经济发展计划。遥感技术具有大面积同步观测、时效性强、数据综合可比性强、获得信息受条件限制少等优点；GIS有强大的统计、分析和处理空间信息的功能。所以本文选取遥感和GIS技术来进行生态环境质量评价。本文研究区为东北界河长白山天池—哈巴罗夫斯克段的左右宽各20km的范围，包括中国、俄罗斯和朝鲜三个国家的边境部分。近年来，界河地区的生态环境受到严重威胁，一些人受利益驱使，无视法律法规，在界河边境地区违规养殖、放牧、开荒，甚至进行灭绝性捕捞，严重影响边境地区的社会稳定。河流流域生态环境的破坏能够影响所在河流径流量、河岸的稳定性，进而造成水土流失、河道改道，对于国境界河来说，生态环境质量的破坏会造成更为严重的后果。所以有必要对东北界河地区的生态环境质量做出评价。本文选取的评价单元是小流域。以ASTER GDEM为数据源，利用ArcGIS的水文分析功能把研究区划分了137个小流域。文章提取、分析了研究区的地形要素（高程、坡度、坡向）、气象因子（温度、降水）、土地利用状况和植被覆盖度等生态环境要素。本文所采用的评价方法是基于研究区的实际情况，并且参考国家环境保护总局于2006年发布的《生态环境状况评价技术规范（试行）》。文章选取生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水体密度指数、土地退化指数和人类活动指数作为生态环境质量评价因子，运用综合指数法计算得到研究区137个小流域的生态环境综合指数。根据计算的生态环境综合指数对137个小流域进行等级划分，，结果如下：生态环境质量等级为“优”的0个；生态环境质量等级为“良”的37个；生态环境质量等级为“一般”的50个；生态环境质量等级为“较差”的48个；生态环境质量等级为“差”的2个。从评价结果可以看出，俄罗斯整体的生态环境质量比中国好，而中国的比朝鲜的好。
[Abstract]:Ecological environment is not only the basis of human survival, but also the guarantee of social and economic sustainable development. Help to plan the economic development plan of the region. Remote sensing technology has the advantages of large area synchronous observation, strong time-efficiency, strong comprehensive comparability of data, limited access to information and so on. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and process the function of spatial information, so we select remote sensing and GIS technology to evaluate the ecological environment quality. The study area of this paper is about 20 km wide from the Tianchi to Khabarovsk section of the northeast border river in Changbai Mountain, including the border parts of China, Russia and North Korea. In recent years, the ecological environment of the border river region has been seriously threatened. Some people, driven by interests, ignore laws and regulations and engage in illegal farming, grazing, wasteland and even extinct fishing in border areas along the border rivers. The destruction of the ecological environment in the river basin can affect the river runoff and the stability of the river banks, thus causing soil erosion and river diversion. For the border rivers, Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the ecological environment quality in the northeast boundary river area. The evaluation unit selected in this paper is a small watershed. With ASTER GDEM as the data source, the study area is divided into 137 small watersheds by the hydrological analysis function of ArcGIS. In this paper, the topographic elements (elevation, slope) of the study area are analyzed. Slope direction, meteorological factors (temperature, precipitation, land use and vegetation coverage, etc.) the evaluation method used in this paper is based on the actual situation of the study area. And referring to the Technical Specification for Ecological Environmental condition Assessment (trial) issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 2006, this paper selects the biological abundance index, vegetation cover index, water density index, The land degradation index and the human activity index are used as evaluation factors of ecological environment quality. The ecological environment comprehensive index of 137 small watersheds in the study area was calculated by using the synthesis index method. According to the calculated ecological environment comprehensive index, 137 small watersheds were classified as follows: the ecological environment quality grade is "excellent" 0; The grade of ecological environment quality is 37 of "good", 50 of "average", 48 of "poor" and 2 of "bad". From the evaluation results, the overall ecological quality of Russia is better than that of China, and that of China is better than that of North Korea.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X826;P208;X87

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