产业结构升级对劳动力“极化”影响

发布时间：2018-02-14 12:01

本文关键词： 产业结构升级劳动力极化区域差异偏向型技术劳动力结构性短缺　出处：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自1978年改革开放以来,我国经济规模总量不断扩大,逐渐成为世界上仅次于美国的第二大经济体,生产力发展水平和居民收入水平得到显著提高,人民生活水平日益改善,劳动力就业水平不断提升。但是,随着经济全球化和信息革命的不断深入发展,国际产业越来越呈现高端化、集聚化和创新化等特征,再则我国产业生产成本在不断上升,国际贸易环境不断恶化,资源与环境的日益紧张等,这些都使得我国产业结构面临着转型升级的压力。同时,经济发展和产业结构的战略性调整,也会促使我国劳动力就业市场发生着根本性变革,如"用工荒"、"大学生就业难"、"人口红利消失"等劳动力结构性短缺问题,以及不同地区和不同行业对劳动力就业要求也发生着很大变化。面对这些矛盾,中共十七大和十八大都把"转变经济发展方式,优化产业结构,推动经济结构战略性调整和促进区域协调发展"写入报告,习近平总书记更是提出"供给侧结构性改革"政策,以期共同推动我国经济结构性调整,使我国经济焕发新的生机与活力。20世纪90年代以来,美国、德国等西方发达国家普遍经历了劳动力"极化"现象(或就业"极化"),即高技能劳动者和低技能劳动者的就业份额不断增加而中技能劳动者就业份额出现不断降低的趋势,这种现象引起了国外学者的关注。劳动力"极化"现象产生的主要原因:一是技能偏向型技术进步;二是国际贸易和外包;三是产业结构升级。那么,随着我国产业结构的不断调整和供给侧结构性改革的深入进行,我国劳动力市场是否也会出现这种情况,即产业结构升级是否也会引致劳动力"极化"现象,这是本文所研究的出发点也是重点。因此,本文利用2001-2015年省际面板数据考察了我国产业结构升级是否引致劳动力"极化"现象,实证结果显示:产业结构升级导致了劳动力"极化"现象的产生,并且还存在区域差异性。其中,东部地区呈现高技能偏向型,中部地区出现劳动力"极化"现象而西部地区则是非技能型特点。另外,技术进步和国际贸易都使劳动力市场呈现高技能偏向型的特点,并且后文会分析出现这种结果的原因。结合上述研究结果,为推动我国经济结构战略性调整,推动产业结构转型升级、提高劳动力素质以及充分发挥劳动力异质性作用,本文建议坚持以供给侧结构性改革为主线,运用"互联网+"和"大众创业、万众创新"等发展战略,推动我国经济"新常态"发展。
[Abstract]:Since 1978, since the reform and opening up, the total economic scale of our country has been continuously expanded, gradually becoming the second largest economy after the United States in the world, the level of productivity development and the level of residents' income have been remarkably improved, and the living standards of the people have been improved day by day. However, with the continuous development of economic globalization and the information revolution, international industries are becoming more and more high-end, agglomeration and innovation. Moreover, the production costs of Chinese industries are constantly rising. The deteriorating international trade environment and the increasingly tight resources and environment make the industrial structure of our country face the pressure of transformation and upgrading. At the same time, the economic development and the strategic adjustment of the industrial structure, It will also lead to fundamental changes in the labor market in China, such as "shortage of workers", "difficult for college students to find jobs", "loss of demographic dividends" and other structural labor shortage problems. And the requirements for labor force employment in different regions and industries have also undergone great changes. In the face of these contradictions, most of the 17th CPC National Congress and 18 have "changed the mode of economic development and optimized the industrial structure." Promoting strategic readjustment of the economic structure and promoting coordinated regional development "are included in the report, and General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward the policy of" supply-side structural reform "with a view to jointly promoting the structural adjustment of China's economy. New vitality and vitality of our economy. Since 90s of the 20th century, the United States, The western developed countries such as Germany have generally experienced the phenomenon of "polarization" of labor force (or "polarization" of employment, that is, the employment share of high-skilled and low-skilled workers is increasing and the employment share of middle-skilled workers is decreasing. This phenomenon has aroused the attention of foreign scholars. The main reasons for the phenomenon of "polarization" of labor force are as follows: first, the technological progress of skill bias; second, international trade and outsourcing; and third, upgrading of industrial structure. With the continuous adjustment of China's industrial structure and the deepening of supply-side structural reform, will this kind of situation also occur in China's labor market, that is, whether the upgrading of industrial structure will also lead to the phenomenon of labor force "polarization"? This is the starting point and the key point of this paper. Therefore, this paper uses the inter-provincial panel data from 2001 to 2015 to investigate whether the upgrading of industrial structure in China leads to the phenomenon of "polarization" of labor force. The empirical results show that the upgrading of industrial structure leads to the phenomenon of "polarization" of labor force, and there are regional differences. The phenomenon of "polarization" of labor force in the central region and the unskilled character in the western region. In addition, technological progress and international trade have made the labour market more highly skilled and biased. Combined with the above research results, in order to promote the strategic adjustment of China's economic structure, promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, improve the quality of labor force, and give full play to the role of labor force heterogeneity, This paper suggests that we should take supply-side structural reform as the main line and use the development strategies such as "Internet" and "mass entrepreneurship, mass innovation" to promote the "new normal" development of our economy.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F121.3;F249.21

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