中国北方地区裴李岗时代生业经济研究

发布时间：2018-04-19 12:45

本文选题：裴李岗时代 + 生业经济　；参考：《山东大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：生业经济是研究古代社会的一项重要内容,裴李岗时代是史前社会经济从采集狩猎过渡并发展到农业生产这一漫长历程中重要的一环,分析探讨裴李岗时代的生业经济模式将有助于我们进一步认识农业起源与发展进程。本文的研究目的是系统梳理和分析裴李岗时代中国北方生业经济研究成果,重点探讨北方不同区域内／间生业模式及其之间的异同和原因,以期更好地了解这一时期中国北方低水平食物生产的特点。在此基础上,对世界范围内(以西亚为例)低水平食物生产模式进行宏观考察,寻找中国本土早期食物生产的发展模式和特点。本文可分为四大部分：一、立题本文第一章和第二章。第一章为本文绪论,提出本文的研究问题,回顾相关学术史,梳理已有研究成果,介绍本研究采用的理论、方法及主要内容等。第二章介绍研究区自然环境与考古学文化概况,为本研究的另一项基础信息。生业经济是研究人类社会的一项重要内容,纵观中外早期社会生业经济研究成果可以发现,囿于材料丰度的差异和研究理念及方法的不同,目前大多数对我国北方裴李岗时代生业经济的研究是相对割裂独立的,缺乏统一的宏观考察,这与全球范围内几大农业起源中心、甚至南方稻作农业研究相比是不足的。近年来,动植物考古等多种新方法在多个考古遗址中的开展斩获了一批重要的新发现,使进一步认识中国北方早期的生业经济模式成为可能。基于此,我们运用植物考古学的研究方法对数个遗址进行个案分析,同时结合动物遗存和生产工具的考古发现,借鉴聚落与环境考古研究成果以及国际上关于农业起源与发展的经典理论框架,由点到面地考察我国北方裴李岗时代的生业经济模式。二、解题本文第三章至第七章,包括单个遗址植物考古个案研究和单个文化生业经济模式的考察两个层次。第三章为后李文化生业经济研究。张马屯和西河遗址的大遗存个案研究揭示了它们以数十种野生植物为主的植物性食物结构,采集经济仍保持主导地位；同时还发现了初期的栽培植物,张马屯先民种植黍和粟,西河遗址可能以水稻具优势。六吉庄子遗址发现了丰富的禾草类植物淀粉粒。分析结果显示对野生动植物资源的广谱利用是后李文化诸聚落的共同特点。后李文化已经出现了粟类植物的栽培和驯化,是人类适应性生业经济转变的一个方面,西河和月庄遗址可能还栽培了水稻。在后李文化发展过程中,栽培植物在人类食谱中的比重逐步上升,但始终未超过野生植物。后李文化先民可能已经饲养家猪,但家猪的驯化还处于初始阶段,这一时期家猪与野猪在形态上差别不明显,提供的肉食在先民动物蛋白摄入量中所占比重有限。狗也是人类驯养的对象之一,但它们更可能作为人类狩猎活动的得力助手,而非完全是人类食用的对象。相反,各遗址内均出土了数量较多、种属繁杂的野生动物遗存为诸聚落的先民提供了60%以上的肉食供给。第四章为兴隆洼文化生业经济研究。查海和塔布敖包遗址的淀粉粒分析结果显示禾草类植物具有明显优势,其中部分淀粉颗粒来自包括粟、黍在类的粟类植物,另外小麦族植物淀粉粒的频现值得关注。这些淀粉粒组合暗示了当时人类对禾本科植物广泛且趋向强化的开发利用,植物栽培已经存在,同时对块茎类和坚果类以及其他野生禾草植物的采集利用也是人类植食的获取方式。兴隆洼文化动植物遗存的发现并不丰富,仅有的材料显示攫取野生动植物资源是兴隆洼文化聚落生业经济中重要的环节。这一时期先民采集食用的植物种类是广谱的,明确的栽培植物来自兴隆沟遗址的黍。大型野生动物在兴隆洼文化先民的肉食中占据的比例很低,中小型哺乳动物可能为人类主要的肉食来源。目前兴隆洼文化遗址中并未发现明确的驯化动物遗存,但却有饲养家猪的线索。整体而言,兴隆洼文化食物生产的规模并不太大,先民食物的来源主要依赖于野生资源,特别是资源丰富的聚落。采集狩猎经济是兴隆洼文化聚落共同的生计活动,渔猎在个别聚落中也被采纳作为补充,食物生产的贡献有限。兴隆洼文化聚落多处于生态过渡地带,资源的多样性和差异性明显,这在不同聚落的生计中也有一定反映。第五章为裴李岗文化生业经济研究。目前的考古发掘与研究显示裴李岗文化至少可分为南北两大类型。裴李岗类型的相关发现较少,就目前的材料来看,采集野生植物资源是这个时期所有聚落共同的选择,这种生计活动应占据了最重要且最大的比重。裴李岗类型栽培的植物以粟、黍为主,实物证据来自坞罗西坡和府店东遗址的炭化粟,它们填补了裴李岗文化粟作农业实物证据的空白,但极有限的数量限制了现阶段对种植规模和食谱贡献量的评估。多个遗址微体遗存或早年零星报道都支持了粟类作物在裴李岗类型的大多数遗址中普遍存在。唐户遗址则是黍、稻混作的模式。裴李岗类型遗址的动物遗存以野生动物更丰富,但与贾湖类型相比,裴李岗类型先民食用的肉食动物种类较少。以贾湖遗址为代表的贾湖类型考古发现丰富,采集渔猎这种传统的攫取性经济是贾湖聚落十分依赖的生计模式；同时,更丰富多样的自然资源促使这种生计方式在很长时间内都占据了重要地位。贾湖类型已经出现了明确的植物栽培和家畜饲养等食物生产活动。明确的栽培植物是水稻,与裴李岗类型迥然不同。水稻遗存的多样性表明它们处于栽培的初期。贾湖的家猪是目前北方地区最早的实证。尽管食物生产的水平和规模逐步提高,但其在人类食谱中的比重始终处于辅助位置。裴李岗文化不同类型聚落既采取了普遍适用的采集渔猎生业方式,同时也因地制宜地通过栽培植物和驯养动物来增加和稳定食物供应。地理位置(以纬度为主)所致环境和资源的差异可能是造成两大类型不同生业经济模式的主要原因。第六章为大地湾—老官台文化生业经济研究。大地湾文化多个遗址动植物遗存信息量差异很大。明确的栽培植物是数量极少的黍,炭化黍在形态和大小上已脱离了完全野生的状态,表明当时人类已经对其进行了栽培和初步驯化。这一时期一系列考古遗址极少见植物遗存或反映了植物栽培和驯化等农业生产活动的水平较低。哺乳动物、鸟类、鱼类和软体动物等野生动物是当时人类肉食的最主要来源,其中滨河聚落对水生资源的获取更多。总体而言,大地湾—老官台文化时期人类在很大程度上还依赖于野生动物资源。同时,先民已经开始饲养猪、狗等家畜,同位素分析显示这种行为在大地湾一期时期就已存在,且在稍晚时期已经成为人类肉食的主要来源。目前材料显示当时先民饲养的家畜很可能是在东方成功驯化后引入的。进一步结合生产工具分析发现,此时期人类的整体生业经济模式以采集和狩猎活动为主,明确的农业生产在大多数遗址中都已经存在但规模有限。第七章为磁山—北福地文化生业经济研究。由于目前的考古证据匮乏,我们仅能从磁山、北福地等几个遗址零星的考古发现和研究成果来进行初步考察。磁山—北福地文化的先民应该拥有较广谱的食物结构。他们的植物性食物包括了黍、粟和其他野生植物,肉食蛋白则来自哺乳动物、鸟类、龟鳖类、鱼类和蚌类五大类。这一时期人类仍然依赖于从自然界中攫取野生资源,在生业模式上表现为传统采集渔猎模式。野生物种的丰富程度和生产工具的分类百分比显示攫取性经济始终占据了磁山—北福地先民生计中最重要的部分。值得关注的是以磁山遗址为代表的文化群体或许可能在10ka BP开始已经进行植物栽培和驯化以及家畜饲养等食物生产活动,这需要更多确定的年代数据支撑。我们对磁山遗址窖穴储藏量仍存疑,且生产工具分析表明磁山遗址的农业生产活动始终没有超过50%的比重。磁山—北福地文化先民食物生产的水平与规模是有限的。鉴于遗址间生物遗存的发现并不丰富并且差距很大,以磁山为重点所得到的认识尚无法代表这一时期人类生业经济模式的全部。三、破题本文第八章,内容包括对中国北方裴李岗时代生业经济的综合考察和北方低水平食物生产阶段的分析与评估。在对不同地区生业经济微观和宏观认识的基础上,借鉴国内外关于早期人类采集狩猎经济向农业经济发展的研究,特别是理论和典型案例分析,探讨这一时期北方地区生业经济的发展进程。在单个聚落、文化生业经济的分析基础上,我们对北方五支考古学文化生业经济进行横向对比,研究结果表明：采集渔猎经济在裴李岗时代始终占据了主导地位。食物生产行为已经明确存在,初期的植物栽培和动物驯养是北方各地先民进行食物生产的主要内容,但生产性所得食物对人类食谱的贡献有限。食物生产活动虽然日渐频繁和愈发重要,但始终处于一个食物补充的辅助地位,以栽培植物和饲养家畜为主体内容的食物生产所得在当时人类食谱中的贡献并未超过50%,属于低水平食物生产阶段。以驯化物的存在为界,或可将中国北方的低水平食物生产划分为为两大阶段。旧石器时代末期—前裴李岗时代属于无驯化物的低水平食物生产阶段；进入裴李岗时代属于有驯化物的低水平食物生产阶段。而囿于材料的局限,目前尚无法对裴李岗时代再进一步明确的细分,不同文化群体进行食物生产可能有早晚之分,但差距应不大。更新世末期开始,华北先民可能率先开始食物生产实践。至裴李岗时代,食物生产行为在北方地区已是普遍现象,但这种生产性经济在当时的生业经济中不占有重要地位,从量化角度来评估,其在人类社会经济中的贡献较低。影响社会经济方式转变的因素有自然和人为两方面,自然条件和环境气候的变化激发了社会经济方式从采集狩猎向农业生产的转变,全新世的气候波动进一步强化了食物生产。某些地区强流动性的采集狩猎群体的社会结构有助于社会经济方式发生转变,这种模式在大地湾文化中表现得更突出。中国北方经历了数千年的低水平食物生产阶段,但与西亚地区相比,这个地区向食物生产的转变可能较西亚地区晚了近一千年,同时以大地湾文化为例,这个过程来得更迅速和紧凑。四、结题本文第九章,点明中国北方裴李岗时代生业经济处于低水平食物生产阶段的整体特征与所处发展阶段,阐释裴李岗时代生业经济研究对中国、乃至世界范围内农业起源与发展研究的重要意义。此外指出本文是十分初步的工作,对史前社会经济方式的演变及其背后的动力与机制,以及聚落形态和意识形态等人类社会的其他方面对生计方式转变作出的响应和变化等问题,都需要更多考古发现和进一步深入的相关研究工作。
[Abstract]:The life economy is an important part of the study of the ancient society. The age of Pei Li Gang is an important part of the long history of the economic and social economy from the acquisition of hunting and developing to the agricultural production. The analysis and discussion of the economic model of the Pei Ligang era will help us to further recognize the origin and development of agriculture. The purpose of this study is to systematically comb and analyze the research results of the northern China's life economy in the Pei Ligang era, and to focus on the similarities and differences between the different regions of northern China and the differences and causes in different regions in order to better understand the characteristics of low level food production in Northern China in this period. On this basis, the low water in the world (Western Asia) is low. We will conduct a macroscopic study on the flat food production mode to find out the development patterns and characteristics of the early food production in China.
This article can be divided into four parts:
A topic
The first chapter and the second chapter. The first chapter is the introduction of this paper. It puts forward the research questions, reviews the relevant academic history, combs the existing research results, introduces the theories, methods and main contents of this study. The second chapter introduces the general situation of the natural environment and archaeological culture in the study area, which is another basic information for this study. In the study of an important content of human society, a survey of the achievements of the early social life economy in China and foreign countries can be found that, due to the difference in material abundance and the different research ideas and methods, most of the research on the Pei Ligang age economy in the north of China is relatively independent and lacks a unified macro inspection, which is the same as the global scope. In recent years, many new methods of archaeology, such as animal and plant archaeology, have captured a number of important new discoveries in several archaeological sites, which makes it possible to further understand the early industrial economic model in northern China. Based on this, we use plant archaeology. On the basis of the case analysis of several sites, and combining the archaeological discoveries of animal remains and production tools, and using the achievements of settlement and environmental archaeology and the classical theoretical framework of the origin and development of agriculture in the world, the economic model of the life of Pei Li Gang in northern China is inspected from the point of view.
Two, problem solving
The third chapter to the seventh chapter includes two levels: single site archaeological case study and single culture economic model.
The third chapter is the study of the post Li cultural life economy. The case study of the remains of Zhang Ma Tun and Xihe site reveals the vegetative food structure based on dozens of wild plants, and the economy remains dominant. At the same time, the early planting plants are found. Advantage. A rich starch grain of grasses was found at six Chuang-tzu site. The analysis showed that the broad-spectrum utilization of wild animal and plant resources is the common characteristic of the settlement of the rear plum culture. The culture and domestication of the millet plants have appeared in the post plum culture, which is one aspect of the economic transformation of the human adaptable life, and the Xihe and Yue Zhuang sites are available. In the course of the development of the post plum culture, the proportion of the cultivated plants in the human diet is gradually rising, but never more than the wild plants. The later Li Wenhua ancestors may have raised the domestic pigs, but the domestication of the domestic pigs is still in the initial stage. The proportion of animal protein intake is limited. Dogs are also one of the targets of human domestication, but they are more likely to be the right assistants of human hunting, not entirely human consumption. On the contrary, many sites are unearthed, and the remains of wild animals provide more than 60% meat for the ancestors. The food supply.
The fourth chapter is the study of the cultural life economy of the Xing Long wa. The results of the starch grain analysis in the site of the Chihai and tabobao sites show that the grasses have obvious advantages. Some of the starch granules are from millet, millet and millet, and the frequency of the starch grains of the wheat plants is worthy of attention. Gramineous plants are widely and fortified development and utilization, plant cultivation has already existed, and the collection and utilization of tubers and nuts and other wild grasses is also the way to obtain human vegetation. The discovery of the remains of the culture and plant of the culture and plant is not rich, the only materials show the exploitation of wild animal and plant resources. The important part of the cultural settlement economy. The plant species collected by the ancestors during this period are broad-spectrum, and the clear cultivated plants are from the millet at the site of the Hsin Long Gully. The large wild animals occupy a low proportion in the carnivore of the cultural ancestors of the Xing Long WA, and the small and medium mammals can be the main source of meat for human beings. The cultural sites have not found a clear domesticated animal remains, but there are clues to the breeding of domestic pigs. In general, the scale of the cultural food production is not too large. The source of the food is mainly dependent on the wild resources, especially the abundant resources. The hunting economy is the common livelihood activity of the cultural settlement of the Xing Long wa. The contribution of food production is limited in individual settlements, and the contribution of the food production is limited. The cultural settlements in Xing Long wa are in the ecological transition zone, and the diversity and difference of resources are obvious. This is also reflected in the livelihoods of different settlements.
The fifth chapter is the study of Pei Ligang's cultural life economy. The present archaeological excavation and research show that Pei Ligang culture can be divided into two major types in the north and the south. There are few related findings of the Pei Ligang type. As far as the current materials are concerned, the collection of wild plant resources is the common choice of all settlements in this period, and this livelihood activities should be the most important. And the largest proportion of the Pei Ligang type cultivated plants are millet and millet, and the physical evidence comes from the Rossi Poe of dock and the carbonized millet at the East site of the house. They fill the blank of the evidence of Pei Ligang's cultural millet, but the very limited quantity limits the assessment of the scale and contribution of the recipes at the present stage. Or sporadic reports in the early years support the common existence of miliary crops in most of the sites of the Pei Ligang type. The Tang household site is a model of millet and rice mixed. The animal remains of the Pei Ligang type site are more abundant in wild animals, but compared with the Jia lake type, the Pei Ligang type has less carnivorous animals of the first folk food. The archeological discovery of the representative Jia lake type is rich, and the traditional grabbing economy of collecting and fishing and hunting is a living model which is very dependent on the settlement of the Jia Lake settlement. At the same time, the rich and diverse natural resources have made this way of livelihood occupy an important position for a long time. The type of Jia lake has already appeared clear plant cultivation and livestock breeding, etc. Food production activities. The clear cultivated plants are rice, different from the Pei Ligang type. The diversity of the remains of rice indicates that they are in the early stage of cultivation. The pig of the Jia lake is the earliest evidence in the northern region. Although the level and scale of food production are gradually increased, the proportion of the food in the human diet is always in the auxiliary position. The different types of settlements of Pei Ligang culture have adopted both general and applicable ways of collecting and hunting for fishing and hunting, but also increasing and stabilizing food supply through cultivated plants and domesticated animals in the light of local conditions. The difference of environment and resources caused by geographical location (mainly latitude) may be the main cause of the two different types of different types of livelihood economic models.
The sixth chapter is the study of the cultural life economy of Dadi Bay - old official station. There is a great difference in the amount of information about the remains of animals and plants at many sites in the Dadi Bay culture. The clear cultivated plants are very few of the millet. The form and size of the carbonized millet have been separated from the state of the wild. It shows that the human being has been cultivated and domesticated at that time. In a series of archaeological sites, rare plants remain or reflect the low level of agricultural production activities such as plant cultivation and domestication. Wild animals such as mammals, birds, fish and mollusks are the most important sources of human meat at that time, of which waterfront settlements have more access to aquatic resources. During the period, human beings were largely dependent on wild animal resources. At the same time, the ancestors had started raising pigs, dogs and other livestock. Isotopic analysis showed that this behavior had existed in the Great Bay period and had become the main source of human meat in the later period. After the introduction of successful domestication in the East, it is found that the overall economic model of human life is mainly collected and hunting, and the clear agricultural production has already existed but limited in most sites.
The seventh chapter is the economic research on the cultural industry of the magnetic mountain and Northern Fu. Due to the lack of archaeological evidence, we can only make a preliminary investigation from the sporadic archaeological discoveries and research results of several sites in the magnetic mountains and Northern Fu fields. The ancestors of the magnetic Mountain North Fu culture should have a broader food structure. Their plant food includes the millet. Millet and other wild plants, meat protein comes from five major categories of mammals, birds, tortoise, turtle, fish and mussels. During this period, human beings still relied on the acquisition of wild resources from nature and displayed traditional fishing and hunting patterns in the model of life. The richness of the wild species and the classification percentage of production tools showed the grabbing classics. It is worth noting that the cultural group represented by the site of the magnetic mountain site may probably have been cultivated and domesticated as well as livestock breeding and other food production activities at the beginning of 10kA BP, which requires more dating support. The storage capacity is still doubtful, and the analysis of the production tools shows that the agricultural production activities of the site of the magnetic mountain have never been more than 50%. The level and scale of the food production of the cultural ancestors of the magnetic mountains and Northern Fujian are limited. This period of human subsistence economy.
Three, essay
The eighth chapter of this article includes the comprehensive investigation of the Pei Ligang era in northern China and the analysis and evaluation of the low level food production stage in the north. On the basis of the micro and macro understanding of the different regions, the study on the collection of hunting economy to agricultural economic development at home and abroad, especially the reason for the development of agricultural economy, is used. Analysis of theory and typical cases, to explore the development process of subsistence economy in northern area during this period.
On the basis of a single settlement and the analysis of the cultural life economy, we have made a horizontal comparison of the five archaeological economy in the north. The results show that the fishing and hunting economy has always occupied the leading position in the Pei Ligang era. The behavior of food production has been clearly existed, and the first period of plant cultivation and animal domestication are the ancestors in the north. The main content of food production is, but the contribution of productive food to human diet is limited.
Although food production activities are becoming more and more frequent and important, they are always in the auxiliary position of a food supplement. The contribution of food production with the cultivation of plants and livestock as the main content does not exceed 50% in the human diet at that time. It belongs to the low level food production stage. The low level food production is divided into two stages. The end of the Paleolithic Period - the former Pei Li Gang era belongs to the low level food production stage without domestication; entering the Pei Li Gang era belongs to the low level food production stage with domesticated objects, but limited to the limitations of the material, it is still unable to further clarify the Pei Ligang era. Different cultural groups for food students

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F129

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