不完全要素市场下的中国居民收入份额研究

发布时间：2018-05-20 17:23

本文选题：不完全要素市场 + 居民收入　；参考：《复旦大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：这是一项旨在探索中国要素市场上存在的政府干预如何影响了居民收入的研究。在我们看来,传统观点过于强调要素市场的不完全导致了资源的错配,进而影响了经济效率,但长久以来人们忽视了要素市场不完全在收入分配上产生的扭曲,我们认为,正是这种忽略使得人们在国民收入分配的认识方面受到了限制,也使得人们难以回答改革中诸多现象产生的原因。本文的意图就是重新审视中国要素市场不完全的内涵,探索不完全要素市场影响国民收入分配的可能途径,为诸多的改革现象提供逻辑一致的解释,从而拓展人们的认识,并且纠正改革过程中存在的一些认识误区。中国政府在要素市场上干预的既定事实已经被大量文献所证实,为了维护城市居民利益、保持国企的低融资成本、保持出口企业的价格竞争力,中国政府一直在劳动力市场、资本市场和资源市场进行种类繁多的干涉甚至直接的财政补贴,这影响了市场调节机制真正发挥作用,也导致外国政府拒绝承认中国为市场经济国家。本文的主旨在于回答要素市场不完全如何影响了居民收入这一问题,为达到这一目的,我们基于事实观察梳理出要素市场不完全影响居民收入份额的四条途径：第一,户籍制度所附属的利益仍未被完全剥离,流动人口享受不到教育、医疗和社保等公共物品的服务,农民工实际工资被压低；金融抑制使得贷款对象上存有一定的所有制歧视,两者使得国有企业面临较低的资金价格,民营企业相对面临较低的劳动力价格,双方要素密集度的差异导致中国要素替代弹性有较大幅度的提升,在新古典的框架下,替代弹性的提高与资本深化共同降低了劳动收入份额。由于中国居民收入份额下降主要发生在初次分配阶段,而劳动收入又是居民部门在初次分配中的主要收入来源,因此,劳动份额的降低是导致居民部门的收入占比多年来持续下降的主要原因。第二,利率管制压低了存款利率,降低了居民的财产性收入。长期以来,中国金融领域存在着“存款管上限,贷款管下限”的利率管制,导致资金的价格不能反映出其稀缺性,贷款对象也存在着所有制歧视,导致国企和地方融资平台有过度投资的倾向,导致中国工业化呈现超重化的特点,降低了居民的财产性收入,提高了政府和企业在国民收入中的比重。虽然财产性收入在居民收入中占比较低,但财产性收入的下降使得居民收入在国民收入分配中占比进一步恶化。第三,征地制度降低了农民的财产性收入,政府挤占了本应属于农村居民的收入。现行的土地制度使得政府享受了城市化过程中所产生的大部分土地溢价,农民的财产性收入得不到应有保障,使得城市化进程中本应缩小的城乡收入差距反而呈现持续扩大的趋势,不利于社会稳定和城乡协调的发展目标。第四,资源定价机制的不合理与汇率制度的安排共同加剧了中国的通货膨胀,使得居民货币收入贬值。地方政府“招商引资竞赛”导致工业用地价格低,矿产、能源等要素价格的形成没有包括外部环境成本,这两方面使得中国出口企业拥有一定的成本优势,在“有管理的浮动汇率制”配合下,央行对外汇市场的干预使得出口需求保持了持续的增长,日益增加的外汇储备使得央行在投放基础货币上较为被动,加剧了国内的通胀,使得居民货币收入贬值,财富缩水。通过进一步的分析,我们认为造成目前中国居民收入占国民收入比例较低的原因在于人为的制度安排和体制设计。虽然中国经济创造了有史以来持续时间最久、年均增长速度最快的世界历史记录,但由于各种人为制度安排导致居民部门仅仅享受到很少的经济增长的实惠,消费在GDP中所占比重过低,这偏离了经济增长的福祉意义。因此,未来通过深化改革,持续释放制度红利,对增加居民可支配收入,刺激消费、内需的增长和宏观经济的持续增长有着至关重要的作用,以减轻经济增长对投资和出口的依赖。我们建议从户籍制度、金融抑制、征地制度、汇率制度等角度入手推动中国经济进一步改革,减少政府对于要素价格形成的干预,真正确立市场配置资源的方式至关重要,“积极插手”政策走向有待商榷,“顺其自然”的政策设计可以进一步依赖。
[Abstract]:It is a study aimed at exploring how government intervention in China's factor market affects residents' income. In our view, the traditional point of view overemphasizes the incompletion of the factor market, which leads to the mismatch of resources, and thus affects economic efficiency, but it has long ignored the fact that the factor market is not entirely generated by the income distribution. In our opinion, it is this kind of neglect that limits people's understanding of the national income distribution and makes it difficult for people to answer the reasons for many phenomena in the reform. The intention of this article is to reexamine the incomplete connotation of the Chinese factor market and explore the possible path to influence the distribution of national income in the incomplete market. It provides a logical and consistent explanation for many reform phenomena, thus expanding people's understanding and correcting some misunderstanding in the process of reform. The established fact that the Chinese government intervenes in the factor market has been confirmed by a large number of documents. In order to maintain the interests of the urban residents, maintain the low financing cost of the state-owned enterprises and maintain the export enterprises. The price competitiveness of the industry, the Chinese government has been in the labor market, the capital market and the resource market for a wide variety of interference and even direct financial subsidies, which affects the real role of the market regulation mechanism, and the foreign government refuses to recognize China as a market economy. The main purpose of this article is to answer the incomplete market. In order to achieve this goal, based on the fact observation, we find out the four ways that the factor market does not completely affect the income share of the residents: first, the interests of the household registration system are still not completely stripped, the floating population is not able to enjoy the service of public goods such as education, medical and social security, and the migrant workers The actual wage is depressed; financial restraining makes a certain discrimination on the loan object, both make the state-owned enterprises face lower capital price, the private enterprises face relatively low labor price, the difference of the factor density of both sides leads to the greater increase in the substitution elasticity of Chinese elements, under the new classical framework, The increase of substitution elasticity and capital deepening jointly reduce the share of labor income. As the decline of Chinese residents' income share is mainly in the initial distribution stage, and the labor income is the main source of income in the initial distribution of the residents' department, the decrease of the labor share is the continuous decline of the income of the resident sector. Second, the interest rate control has lowered the deposit interest rate and reduced the property income of the residents. For a long time, the interest rate regulation of the "upper limit of the deposit management and the lower limit of the loan management" in the financial field of China has led to the lack of the capital price to reflect its scarcity, and the loan against the elephant also has ownership discrimination, which leads to the melting of state-owned enterprises and local areas. The investment platform has the tendency of overinvestment, which leads to the overweight in China's industrialization, reducing the property income of the residents and raising the proportion of the government and the enterprises in the national income. Although the property income is relatively low in the income of the residents, the decline of property income makes the income of the residents in the national income distribution. Third, the land expropriation system reduces the property income of farmers, the government takes up the income that should belong to the rural residents. The current land system makes the government enjoy most of the land premium produced in the process of urbanization, and the property income of farmers can not reach the Ying Youbao barrier, which makes the urban-rural area that should be reduced in the process of urbanization. The income gap is not conducive to social stability and the development goal of urban and rural coordination. Fourth, the unreasonable resource pricing mechanism and exchange rate system arrangement jointly aggravate China's inflation and devalue the income of the residents' money. The local government "inviting investment competition" leads to low industrial land prices, minerals, The formation of energy and other factors does not include external environmental costs. These two aspects make China's export enterprises have a certain cost advantage. Under the coordination of the "managed floating exchange rate system", the central bank's intervention in the foreign exchange market has kept the export demand sustained, and the increase of foreign exchange reserves makes the central bank put the base in place. By further analysis, the reasons for the low proportion of Chinese residents' income to the national income are human institutional arrangements and institutional design. Although the Chinese economy has created the longest lasting time since the Chinese economy, the Chinese economy has created the longest time in the history. The world history record is the fastest growing, but because of the human system arrangement, the household sector only enjoys the benefits of little economic growth, and the proportion of consumption in GDP is too low, which deviates from the welfare significance of economic growth. Entering, stimulating consumption, growth of domestic demand and sustained growth of macro-economy have a vital role to reduce the dependence of economic growth on investment and exports. We suggest that the Chinese economy should be promoted from the perspective of the household registration system, financial restraint, land expropriation system, exchange rate system and so on to reduce government intervention on the formation of factor price. The way to truly establish the market allocation of resources is very important. The policy of "active involvement" is open to discussion, and the policy design "take its course" can be further relied on.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F124.7

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