影响社会收入差距的政策因素分析和对策建议

发布时间：2018-05-28 10:43

本文选题：收入差距 + 政策因素　；参考：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：改革开放三十多年来,我国社会经济快速发展,并于2010年进入中高收入国家行列,但社会收入差距也逐渐成为各界关注的焦点问题。以反映居民收入分配差异程度的基尼系数为例,近十年我国基尼系数值一直介于0.47-0.5之间,属于收入差距较大,接近收入差距悬殊。具体来说,我国社会收入差距主要表现为区域间收入差距、城乡间收入差距和行业间收入差距。结合国家统计局的历年统计年鉴和世界银行网站等可查询到的相关数据,对我国区域间、城乡间和行业间收入差距的现状进行分析后,可以看出目前我国区域间、城乡间和行业间的收入差距较大,从而可以得出目前我国社会收入分配差距较大。影响社会收入差距的因素很多,既有可归结于自然的、历史的因素,也有可归结于市场的因素。由于市场机制优胜劣汰的作用原理,在市场机制作用下,必然会导致社会收入差距的扩大,而市场本身并不具备合理调节社会收入差距的功能,市场追求的目标主要体现为效率。而社会公平是政府所应追求的目标,因此政府和市场在社会收入分配中承担各自不同的职能。就目前我国收入分配现状来看,影响社会收入差距的政策因素不容忽视。亚当·斯密在分析影响收入分配的因素时指出欧洲政策的因素,产生了比市场所导致的更大不均等。而具体到我国,可以从政府对于收入分配政策的价值取向,对区域间、城乡间、行业间的政策差异以及政策的贯彻执行等方面,分析出政府政策对于社会收入分配的影响。在改革开放初期,为了加快社会经济发展,国家在收入分配中更为强调“效率”这一价值取向,因此造成了收入分配差距的扩大,同时在区域间、城乡间、行业间的差别化政策,也进一步拉大了收入差距,此外,政府在政策贯彻执行中存在着缺位、错位、越位等行为,也是收入分配差距不合理的政策因素之一。合理的收入分配制度,能够促进社会经济的良性发展,也有利于维护社会稳定,为经济社会的良性发展创造良好的社会环境。因此,针对政策因素所导致不合理的社会收入差距,政府应采取相应的政策措施来进行弥补。首先应该明确现阶段政府对于收入分配的价值取向,针对目前社会收入差距不合理的现状,政府应更加突出“公平”这一政策价值取向,注重机会均等的实现；科学界定政府与市场的边界,对于市场自身的不足导致的社会差距过大,政府应该切实发挥自身的职能,予以合理的引导和调控,并完善社会保障体系以促进社会公平；对区域间、城乡间、行业间存在的收入分配差距,应采取有效的政策措施,弥补其中的不合理差距。在政策制定和执行过程中,政府也应当努力避免与公共利益之间的冲突,以公共利益为决策目标,同时要加大政策的执行力度,最大程度地消除不合法收入,以促进社会收入分配差距的合理化。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up for more than 30 years, China's social economy has developed rapidly and entered the ranks of high-income countries in 2010, but the social income gap has gradually become the focus of attention. Taking the Gini coefficient, which reflects the degree of income distribution difference, as an example, the Gini coefficient of China has been between 0.47-0.5 in recent ten years, which belongs to the income gap, which is close to the income gap. Specifically, the social income gap in China is mainly shown as regional income gap, urban-rural income gap and inter-industry income gap. By analyzing the current situation of the income gap between regions, urban and rural areas and industries in China, we can see that there are regions in our country after analyzing the relevant data from the statistical yearbooks of the National Bureau of Statistics over the years and the website of the World Bank. The income gap between urban and rural areas and industries is large, so we can conclude that there is a large gap in social income distribution in our country at present. There are many factors influencing social income gap, which can be attributed to natural and historical factors as well as market factors. Because of the principle of the survival of the fittest and the survival of the fittest, the market mechanism will inevitably lead to the expansion of the social income gap, and the market itself does not have the function of reasonably regulating the social income gap. The goal that the market pursues is reflected mainly for efficiency. Social equity is the goal that the government should pursue, so the government and the market have different functions in the distribution of social income. According to the current situation of income distribution in China, the policy factors affecting social income gap can not be ignored. Adam Smith, analyzing the factors that affect income distribution, pointed out that the factors of European policy resulted in greater inequality than the market. In our country, the influence of government policy on social income distribution can be analyzed from such aspects as the value orientation of the government's income distribution policy, the policy difference between regions, urban and rural areas, industry, and the implementation of the policy. In the early stage of reform and opening up, in order to speed up social and economic development, the country put more emphasis on the value orientation of "efficiency" in the income distribution, which resulted in the widening of the income distribution gap, at the same time, between the regions, between urban and rural areas. The differentiation policy between industries also further widens the income gap, in addition, the government in the policy implementation of the absence, dislocation, offside and other behavior, is also one of the unreasonable income distribution gap policy factors. Reasonable income distribution system can promote the benign development of social economy, also help to maintain social stability and create a good social environment for the benign development of economic society. Therefore, in view of the unreasonable social income gap caused by policy factors, the government should take corresponding policy measures to make up for it. First of all, we should make clear the value orientation of the government for income distribution at the present stage. In view of the current situation of the unreasonable social income gap, the government should pay more attention to the value orientation of the policy of "fairness" and pay attention to the realization of equal opportunities. To define the boundary between government and market scientifically, the government should give full play to its own function, guide and regulate reasonably, and perfect the social security system to promote social equity. Effective policy measures should be taken to remedy the unreasonable gap in income distribution between regions, urban and rural areas and industries. In the process of policy formulation and implementation, the government should also strive to avoid conflicts with the public interest and take the public interest as the decision-making goal. At the same time, the government should strengthen the implementation of the policy to eliminate illegal income to the maximum extent. In order to promote the rationalization of social income distribution gap.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F124.7

【参考文献】