中国社会代际收入传递的实证研究
发布时间：2018-09-04 05:55
【摘要】：改革开放以来,中国的经济获得了长足的增长,在2010年中国的国民GDP已经超越日本,成为世界第二大经济体。但是经济高速增长的背后,社会制度的建设和完善相对滞后,经济增长的福利并未被全体国民充分地享受。其中一个显著的社会问题是我国贫富差距日益扩大。改革开放总设计师邓小平提出“让一部分人先富起来,走共同富裕的道路”,然而中国的社会现实是富人愈富,穷人愈穷。据西南财经大学家庭金融调查中心的调查结果,我国的基尼系数已经达到0.61,在全世界据于非常高的位置。贫富差距的扩大,造成中国社会出现两极分化,社会矛盾较为尖锐,人们中渐渐出现一股“仇富“的风气。 贫富差距的背后反映的是我国社会公平正义的缺失。广义的公平不仅包括结果公平,还包含起点公平、过程公平、规则公平。为了实现结果的公平,我们必须在起点、过程和规则上实现和保障公平的环境。学术界,大多数对收入差距的研究仅是从结果公平的角度展开,然而我们必须看到,对收入差距的探讨绝不能仅仅研究结果意义上的不公平,而更应该探索机会不平等及其对收入差距的影响。 机会的平等,意味着个体从出生后拥有与其他人拥有同等的获得成长和成功的机会,类似于“人人生而平等”。倘若因为出生和家庭环境的不同,个体的发展机会和成功机会各不相同,比如富人家庭的子女凭借家庭更多的社会资源更容易得到更多的成长和成功机会,而穷人家庭的子女则受到各种限制,那这个社会很难说是机会公平的社会,这将导致社会阶层的固化。 研究社会是否机会平等,一个很好的研究切入点是代际流动性或代际收入传递。国内外的学者通常会利用代际收入弹性来反应社会的代际流动性,表示机会平等与否的程度。代际收入弹性是指父代经济收入对子代经济收入或经济地位的影响程度。代际收入弹性越大,也就意味着代际流动性越弱,社会趋向于不公平。贫富在代际间传递,也会导致社会的贫富差距很难缩小社会呈现持续的两极分化。 一个很值得研究的问题是,随着我国市场化程度不断加深,子女对其父辈经济收入的相关性有多大?子女与父辈代际间的收入相关性主要通过那些路径进行传递?子代呈现的收入差距多大程度上是机会不平等造成的?政府对增强代际流动性可以采取怎样的有效措施?本文尝试对这些问题进行探索和研究,希望能对当前中国的代际流行性进行较全面的说明,并探索在代际流动性下隐藏的诸多问题。 探讨中国社会的代际收入传递,即是研究中国社会的代际流动性,可以为研究中国的社会公平提供了新的视角,也助于理解和把握中国社会发展中存在的问题,未来社会公平的演变趋势,也可以为政府制定相应政策提供参考和依据。 对于中国社会代际收入传递的研究,需要我们找到合理的研究方法。国外从经济学的角度对此问题的研究,开始于上世纪70年代,自此研究方法不断更新,研究结论也不断被推翻和重建。研究的重点集中于如何避免对代际收入弹性估计的偏误、代际收入传递的影响因素以及趋势研究。国内的研究受制于数据的可行性,研究起步较晚,并且研究还不够深入。本文试图在梳理国内外研究的基础上,对国内研究进行补充。 本文总共包含五个章节。 第一章为导论,对本文的研究背景、研究意义、研究内容以及研究的创新之处进行了总体介绍。本文的主要内容是探讨对中国社会代际收入弹性的无偏估计,并对代际收入弹性进行传递路径分解。本文由于样本数据的限制,只关注了教育传递和职业传递路径。 第二章为文献综述,对国内外研究代际流动性的文献进行了集中梳理。首先我们回顾了对代际收入传递的理论研究,代际收入传递的理论受益于Becker的人力资本投资理论,Becker-Tomes模型是研究代际收入传递的基础理论模型。然后我们回顾了对代际收入传递的实证研究,重点梳理了实证研究的模型方法变迁。最后我们对国内的研究文献进行了梳理。 第三章我们对中国社会的代际收入弹性进行了无偏估计。我们首先对样本的选择和变量处理进行了说明。然后利用分位回归方法验证了代际流动性的非线性特征。对于代际收入弹性的估计,本文采用了控制方程(CF)回归估计方法,控制方程是基于随机系数模型,考虑了传递机制的差异性。在得到无偏估计的同时,我们也比对了最小二乘回归估计和工具变量回归估计的结论。 第四章我们对代际收入弹性进行了传递路径的分解。我们纳入影响子代收入的传递因素对代际收入弹性进行序列分解。我们重点考察了教育传递和职业传递对于代际收入传递的影响程度,分析了不同收入层次收入家庭代际收入传递路径的差异性。在比较性别和户籍区别后,我们发现男性在教育和职业传递中较女性更能得到家庭的重视,农村家庭的传递机制相较于城市家庭更为集中于这两个传递路径,但由于教育资源的的限制,家庭对于子女的教育水平影响力不够。 第五章是本文的结论部分。这部分我们对研究结果进行了总结分析,并指出本文研究的不足之处和未来研究的展望。本文通过对中国社会代际收入弹性的无偏估计得到的结论为0.577,这一值高于较多的其他的国内相关研究,也高于国外的代际收入弹性。这说明我国社会总体上的代际流动性较弱。,本文研究的不足之处在于数据样本的处理造成了研究局限,这也是本文研究的一大遗憾。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has gained considerable growth. In 2010, China's national GDP has surpassed Japan and become the second largest economy in the world. The problem is that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening day by day.Deng Xiaoping, the general designer of reform and opening-up, put forward the idea of "letting some people get rich first and take the road of common prosperity". However, China's social reality is that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The world is in a very high position. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has led to polarization and sharp social contradictions in Chinese society. A trend of "hating the rich" has gradually emerged among the people.
The gap between the rich and the poor reflects the lack of social equity and justice in our country.The broad sense of justice includes not only the result fairness, but also the starting point fairness, the process fairness and the rule fairness.In order to achieve the result fairness, we must realize and guarantee the fair environment in the starting point, the process and the rule.Academia, most of the income gap research. Only from the perspective of fair results, however, we must see that the study of income disparity should not only be unfair in the sense of research results, but also explore the opportunity inequality and its impact on income disparity.
Equality of opportunity means that individuals have the same opportunities to grow and succeed from birth as others, similar to "all men are born equal." If the circumstances of birth and family are different, individuals have different opportunities for development and success, for example, children of rich families are more tolerant of family resources. More opportunities for growth and success are available, and the children of poor families are subject to various constraints, which is hardly a society of equal opportunity, which will lead to the consolidation of social strata.
Intergenerational income elasticity refers to the economic income or economic status of the father's generation. The greater intergenerational income elasticity means that intergenerational mobility is weaker and society tends to be unfair.
A very worthwhile question to study is, with the deepening of China's market economy, how much is the correlation between children and their parents'economic income? What are the main ways through which the income correlation between children and their parents' generations is transmitted? How much is the income gap between children and their parents caused by the opportunity inequality? How much is the government enhancing the intergenerational flow? This paper attempts to explore and study these issues, hoping to give a more comprehensive explanation of the current intergenerational epidemic in China, and to explore many problems hidden under intergenerational mobility.
Discussing the intergenerational income transmission of Chinese society is to study the intergenerational mobility of Chinese society, which can provide a new perspective for the study of social equity in China, and also help to understand and grasp the problems existing in the development of Chinese society. The evolution trend of social equity in the future can also provide reference and basis for the government to formulate corresponding policies.
The study of intergenerational income transfer in Chinese society needs us to find a reasonable research method. The study on this issue from the perspective of economics began in the 1970s. Since then, the research methods have been constantly updated and the conclusions have been constantly overturned and rebuilt. The focus of the study is on how to avoid the estimation of intergenerational income elasticity. The domestic research is limited by the feasibility of the data, the research starts late, and the research is not deep enough. This paper tries to supplement the domestic research on the basis of combing the domestic and foreign research.
This paper consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a general introduction to the research background, significance, content and innovation of this paper. The main content of this paper is to discuss the unbiased estimation of intergenerational income elasticity in Chinese society, and to decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. Transfer and career path.
The second chapter is a literature review, which focuses on the research of intergenerational liquidity at home and abroad. Firstly, we review the theoretical study of intergenerational income transfer. The theory of intergenerational income transfer benefits from Becker's theory of human capital investment. The Becker-Tomes model is the basic theoretical model of intergenerational income transfer. This paper reviews the empirical research on intergenerational income transfer, and focuses on the changes of empirical research methods. Finally, we review the domestic research literature.
In the third chapter, we estimate the intergenerational income elasticity of Chinese society unbiased. First, we illustrate the selection of samples and the processing of variables. Then we validate the nonlinear characteristics of intergenerational liquidity by using the quantile regression method. The equation is based on the stochastic coefficient model, and the difference of transfer mechanism is considered. The unbiased estimates are obtained, and the results of least squares regression and instrumental variable regression are compared.
In Chapter Four, we decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. We incorporate the transmission factors that affect the income of the offspring into a series of decompositions. After comparing gender and household registration, we find that men are more likely to receive family attention in education and occupational transmission than women. The transmission mechanism of rural families is more concentrated in these two transmission paths than urban families. However, due to the limitation of educational resources, families have no influence on children's educational level. Enough.
Chapter 5 is the conclusion of this paper. In this part, we summarize and analyze the research results, and point out the shortcomings of this study and the prospects for future research. The intergenerational income elasticity shows that the intergenerational mobility is weak in China. The deficiency of this paper lies in the limitation of the data sample processing, which is also a great regret of this paper.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F124.7
本文编号：2221210
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has gained considerable growth. In 2010, China's national GDP has surpassed Japan and become the second largest economy in the world. The problem is that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening day by day.Deng Xiaoping, the general designer of reform and opening-up, put forward the idea of "letting some people get rich first and take the road of common prosperity". However, China's social reality is that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The world is in a very high position. The widening gap between the rich and the poor has led to polarization and sharp social contradictions in Chinese society. A trend of "hating the rich" has gradually emerged among the people.
The gap between the rich and the poor reflects the lack of social equity and justice in our country.The broad sense of justice includes not only the result fairness, but also the starting point fairness, the process fairness and the rule fairness.In order to achieve the result fairness, we must realize and guarantee the fair environment in the starting point, the process and the rule.Academia, most of the income gap research. Only from the perspective of fair results, however, we must see that the study of income disparity should not only be unfair in the sense of research results, but also explore the opportunity inequality and its impact on income disparity.
Equality of opportunity means that individuals have the same opportunities to grow and succeed from birth as others, similar to "all men are born equal." If the circumstances of birth and family are different, individuals have different opportunities for development and success, for example, children of rich families are more tolerant of family resources. More opportunities for growth and success are available, and the children of poor families are subject to various constraints, which is hardly a society of equal opportunity, which will lead to the consolidation of social strata.
Intergenerational income elasticity refers to the economic income or economic status of the father's generation. The greater intergenerational income elasticity means that intergenerational mobility is weaker and society tends to be unfair.
A very worthwhile question to study is, with the deepening of China's market economy, how much is the correlation between children and their parents'economic income? What are the main ways through which the income correlation between children and their parents' generations is transmitted? How much is the income gap between children and their parents caused by the opportunity inequality? How much is the government enhancing the intergenerational flow? This paper attempts to explore and study these issues, hoping to give a more comprehensive explanation of the current intergenerational epidemic in China, and to explore many problems hidden under intergenerational mobility.
Discussing the intergenerational income transmission of Chinese society is to study the intergenerational mobility of Chinese society, which can provide a new perspective for the study of social equity in China, and also help to understand and grasp the problems existing in the development of Chinese society. The evolution trend of social equity in the future can also provide reference and basis for the government to formulate corresponding policies.
The study of intergenerational income transfer in Chinese society needs us to find a reasonable research method. The study on this issue from the perspective of economics began in the 1970s. Since then, the research methods have been constantly updated and the conclusions have been constantly overturned and rebuilt. The focus of the study is on how to avoid the estimation of intergenerational income elasticity. The domestic research is limited by the feasibility of the data, the research starts late, and the research is not deep enough. This paper tries to supplement the domestic research on the basis of combing the domestic and foreign research.
This paper consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which gives a general introduction to the research background, significance, content and innovation of this paper. The main content of this paper is to discuss the unbiased estimation of intergenerational income elasticity in Chinese society, and to decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. Transfer and career path.
The second chapter is a literature review, which focuses on the research of intergenerational liquidity at home and abroad. Firstly, we review the theoretical study of intergenerational income transfer. The theory of intergenerational income transfer benefits from Becker's theory of human capital investment. The Becker-Tomes model is the basic theoretical model of intergenerational income transfer. This paper reviews the empirical research on intergenerational income transfer, and focuses on the changes of empirical research methods. Finally, we review the domestic research literature.
In the third chapter, we estimate the intergenerational income elasticity of Chinese society unbiased. First, we illustrate the selection of samples and the processing of variables. Then we validate the nonlinear characteristics of intergenerational liquidity by using the quantile regression method. The equation is based on the stochastic coefficient model, and the difference of transfer mechanism is considered. The unbiased estimates are obtained, and the results of least squares regression and instrumental variable regression are compared.
In Chapter Four, we decompose the transmission path of intergenerational income elasticity. We incorporate the transmission factors that affect the income of the offspring into a series of decompositions. After comparing gender and household registration, we find that men are more likely to receive family attention in education and occupational transmission than women. The transmission mechanism of rural families is more concentrated in these two transmission paths than urban families. However, due to the limitation of educational resources, families have no influence on children's educational level. Enough.
Chapter 5 is the conclusion of this paper. In this part, we summarize and analyze the research results, and point out the shortcomings of this study and the prospects for future research. The intergenerational income elasticity shows that the intergenerational mobility is weak in China. The deficiency of this paper lies in the limitation of the data sample processing, which is also a great regret of this paper.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F124.7
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