审计定价：理论分析与实证研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 18:34

本文选题：审计定价 + 成本　；参考：《东北财经大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 独立审计对于降低企业代理成本，缓解代理冲突，优化资本市场资源配置，维护市场经济秩序发挥着不可替代的重要作用。然而，在市场经济高速发展、资本市场日渐完善的过程中，独立审计产业却面临着种种困境。这些困境主要源自独立审计产业承担的双重责任及其定价机制：一方面履行着维护社会公众利益，降低企业代理成本以及提高资本市场配置效率的职责，，另一方面必须获取行业收益，维持自身生存，支持产业发展。审计产品的定价机制较普通产品更为复杂，可以这么说，没有一个产业如同独立审计一样，一方面从被审计人处获取经济利益，另一方面却要维护那些并不付费的人员和组织的利益。证券市场吸纳了最广泛的公众资金，将公众利益置于最高地位，利益双轨制所引发的矛盾、冲突往往被放大、扩展。证券市场的审计定价问题，不仅牵涉到公众利益和行业利益的矛盾、冲突及其平衡、协调，更是聚集了审计产业经济利益与职业道德之间纷繁复杂的关系，引发各国监管机构高度关注，成为学术界“百家争鸣”的主题之一。在我国上市公司年报审计市场中，会计师事务所的审计定价行为表现为两个极端。一方面，证券审计市场集中度较低，审计产品缺乏差异，价格竞争激烈，审计回扣盛行；另一方面，“四大”合作所享有超国民待遇，源源不断地获取高额“审计溢价”，国内事务所缺乏良性的生存发展环境。我国审计市场的收费情况为何存在中外两重天的情况?“四大”的溢价究竟来自何处?审计回扣是否就是低价揽客?针对这些问题，现有的研究文献往往仅限于财务指标、事务所特征等角度，缺乏系统性的整体分析框架。另外，我国证券市场的形成和发展一直都是由政府直接推动的，政府行为对审计市场的规模结构和竞争状况存在深刻的影响，审计产品定价的政府监管也由来已久。但是，政府的这些监管政策是否有效?政府是否能够直接管制定价?审计定价标准到底是由政府管制还是由市场决定?这些问题尚且缺乏明确的答案，值得深入探讨。证券审计市场定价的影响因素纷繁复杂，事务所定价行为的表现形式千差万别。只有透过表面现象，才能成功地捕捉到审计定价问题的本质。国际“四大”囊括我国A股证券审计市场的高端客户，坐拥高额溢价的事实，反映了国际大型事务所在法律风险较低的新兴市场的盈利模式，从一个侧面显露了国际大型事务所的全球竞争策略。当前，如何以合理的定价机制和定价水平提升审计师的风险意识，维护应有的审计质量，确保合理的竞争格局，对于我国本土审计产业的健康发展有着重要意义，这也是正是本文的要旨所在。本文立足我国A股市场，以上市公司年报审计定价为研究对象，对上述问题进行归纳、整理和回答，以期探求问题背后的原因，为监管机构制定政策提供相关依据，为学术界的后续工作提供研究基础。本文的核心内容包括三大部分。一是构建一个系统完整的审计定价分析框架，据此考察我国证券市场审计定价的实际情况。本文根据审计定价区间模型，结合审计定价的影响因素，抽象出审计定价的四项主要约束条件，即成本、需求、竞争和监管。这四个方面分别是审计产品的供给方、需求方、市场竞争以及监管方的替代变量，由此构建中国证券市场审计定价的分析模型。根据这一分析模型，全文从两个层面分析问题：第一个层面是理论分析，本文分别阐述了成本、需求、竞争和管制的理论基础：第二个层面是针对我国证券市场的实际情况进行经验分析。二是考察“四大”在中国证券市场的审计定价行为。在逐项阐述成本、需求、竞争和监管理论的同时，本文着重分析了“四大”的成本结构、需求特征、竞争行为，旨在探究“四大”究竟是否获取了溢价以及如何获取溢价的。三是考察某些审计定价现象。在我国证券审计市场中，审计回扣、非审计服务、定价联盟等都对审计质量和市场竞争产生重要影响。本文针对这些问题进行专题分析。从整体上看，本文在以下几个方面作出了积极探索：第一，本文将影响审计定价的众多因素概括为四项内容，构建了一个系统的分析框架。根据这一框架，本文逐项展开充分论证。这一工作使得审计定价的研究具有系统性，由此能够弥补一些局部研究成果的不足。第二，本文吸收、借鉴近期的研究成果和研究方法，在构建一个比较系统和完整的理论框架之上，密切联系国内实际情况，注重规范研究和实证研究相结合，使得提出的政策建议更具有针对性和说服力。第三，本文的主要研究结论具有一定的理论意义和现实意义。首先，本文提出了审计定价悖论。审计产品的准公共产品特质与私人定价机制之间的矛盾构成了审计定价悖论，这一悖论是引发审计付费人和委托人合一的前提，也是研究相关审计问题的出发点。其次，通过深入细致地考察“四大”溢价来源，本文认为，由于缺乏显著证据证明“四大”溢价来源于市场势力和产品差异，因而“四大”在中国市场取得的溢价更有可能来自优质国企的主动提供以及政府偏好的影响。第三，由于审计产品的特殊性，主流的政府价格管制模型无法为审计定价管制提供理论支持。在实践中，直接价格管制政策(以最低限价为例)的实施效果并不理想。因此，从整体上看，审计产品的价格难以由政府规定或者管制。由于审计定价问题纷繁复杂，影响因素众多。尽管本文从上述四个方面进行了系统分析，但是，上述四个方面往往是交叉作用，因而不可避免地存在一定程度的变量内生问题。尽管本文已经力图控制这种内生影响，但更为彻底的控制方法是通过设计计算机程序，模拟系统内因素的影响。因此，控制变量内生和运用新的研究方法，例如系统动力学，应当是未来可行的研究方向。另外，审计定价问题与职业道德、独立性问题密切相关，因此，从社会学、伦理学以及心理学等领域深入研究审计定价问题是必要的。
[Abstract]:Independent audit plays an irreplaceable role in reducing agency cost, alleviating agency conflict, optimizing capital market resource allocation and maintaining market economy order. However, in the process of rapid development of the market economy and the improvement of capital market, the independent audit industry is faced with various difficulties. These difficulties are mainly derived from independence. The dual responsibility and pricing mechanism undertaken by the audit industry: on the one hand, it performs the responsibility of maintaining social public interests, reducing the agency cost and improving the efficiency of the capital market allocation. On the other hand, it is necessary to obtain industry income, maintain its own survival and support industrial development. The pricing mechanism of the trial product is more complex than the common product. It can be said that there is no industry, like an independent audit, on the one hand to obtain economic benefits from the auditor, on the other hand, to maintain the interests of those who do not pay. The securities market absorbs the most extensive public funds, puts the public interest in the highest position, the contradiction caused by the double track system of interest, and the conflict. The problem of audit pricing in the securities market is not only involved in the contradiction between the public interests and the interests of the industry, and the conflict and its balance and coordination, but also the complicated and complicated relationship between the economic interests of the audit industry and the professional ethics, which has aroused the high attention of the regulatory agencies of various countries and has become one of the themes of the "contention of a hundred schools of a hundred schools of thought" in the academic circles.
In the annual report audit market of the listed companies in China, the audit pricing behavior of the accounting firms is two extremes. On the one hand, the market concentration of the audit market is low, the audit products are not different, the price competition is fierce, the audit rebate is prevalent; on the other hand, the "four big" cooperation enjoys the super national treatment, and has a constant source of high "amount". "Audit premium", domestic firms lack of a benign environment for survival and development. Why does the charge situation of China's audit market exist between China and foreign countries? Where do the "four big" premium come from? Is the audit rebate a low price package? The existing research literature is often limited to financial indicators and firm characteristics. In addition, the formation and development of the securities market in China have been driven directly by the government. The government behavior has a profound influence on the scale structure and competition situation of the audit market. The government supervision of the audit product pricing has also been long. But are the government's regulatory policies effective? Can the government control the pricing directly? Is the audit pricing standard controlled by the government or by the market? These questions still lack a clear answer, which should be discussed in depth.
There are numerous and complicated factors affecting the pricing of the securities audit market, and the forms of pricing behavior of the firm are different. Only through the surface phenomenon can we capture the essence of the audit pricing successfully. The international "four big" covers the high end customers of our country's A stock audit market, and the fact that the high premium is sitting in the market reflects the large international events. The profit model of the emerging market with lower legal risk has revealed the global competition strategy of large international firms from one side. At present, how to improve the auditor's risk awareness with reasonable pricing mechanism and pricing level, maintain the due audit quality, ensure the reasonable competition pattern and the local audit industry in our country This paper, based on the A share market of our country, takes the annual report audit pricing of listed companies as the research object, and summarizes the above questions, collate and answer the problems, in order to find out the reasons behind the problems, provide the relevant basis for the policy setting policy and the follow-up work for the academic community. Provide the basis for research.
The core content of this paper consists of three parts. One is to construct a systematic and integrated framework of audit pricing analysis, and to investigate the actual situation of audit pricing in China's securities market. According to the audit pricing interval model and the influencing factors of audit pricing, this paper abstracts the four main constraints of audit pricing, namely, cost, demand, and competition. The four aspects are the suppliers of the audit products, the demand side, the market competition and the replacement variables of the regulators, thus the analysis model of the audit pricing of China's securities market is constructed. According to this analysis model, the full text analyses the problems from two levels: the first level is the theoretical analysis, and the cost and the demand are expounded in this paper. The theoretical basis of competition and control: the second level is the empirical analysis of the actual situation in China's securities market. Two is to examine the audit pricing behavior of the "four major" in the Chinese securities market. At the same time, the cost, demand, competition and supervision theory are expounded, the cost structure of the "four big" and the demand characteristics are emphatically analyzed. Competitive behavior is designed to explore whether the "four major" has got a premium and how to get a premium. Three is to examine some of the audit pricing phenomena. In China's securities audit market, audit rebates, non audit services, and pricing alliances all have a heavy impact on audit quality and market competition. This paper makes a special analysis of these problems.
On the whole, this article has made active explorations in the following aspects:
First, in this paper, we generalize the factors that affect the audit pricing as four items, and build a systematic analysis framework. According to this framework, this paper makes full demonstration of the audit pricing. This work makes the research of audit pricing systematic and can make up some deficiencies of the local research results.
Second, this article absorbs and draws on the recent research results and methods, and on the basis of a relatively systematic and complete theoretical framework, closely links the actual situation in China, and pays more attention to the combination of normative and empirical research, making the proposed policy recommendations more pertinent and persuasive.
Third, the main conclusions of this paper have some theoretical and practical significance. First, this paper puts forward the paradox of audit pricing. The contradiction between the quality of the quasi public products and the private pricing mechanism of the audit products constitutes the paradox of audit pricing. This paradox is the prerequisite for the combination of the auditors and the clients and the research phase. Secondly, through a thorough and careful investigation of the "four big" premium sources, this article believes that, due to the lack of significant evidence that the "four" premium comes from market forces and product differences, the premium of "the four" in the Chinese market is more likely to come from the initiative of the high quality state-owned enterprises and the government's preference. Third, due to the particularity of audit products, the mainstream government price control model can not provide theoretical support for audit pricing control. In practice, the effect of direct price control policy (with the minimum price as an example) is not ideal. Therefore, the price of audit products is difficult to be regulated or regulated by the government on the whole.
Although the audit pricing problem is complicated and many factors are affected, the above four aspects are systematically analyzed, but the above four aspects are often intersecting and inevitably exist in a certain degree of variable endogenous problems. Although this article has tried to control the endogenous influence, the more thorough control method It is by designing computer programs to simulate the influence of factors within the system. Therefore, the control variable endogenous and application of new research methods, such as system dynamics, should be the future research direction. In addition, the audit pricing problem is closely related to the professional ethics and independence, so it is deep in the fields of sociology, ethics and psychology. It is necessary to study the issue of audit pricing.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：F239.4

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