劳动力成本上升与企业创新：来自企业规模的解释
发布时间：2018-10-13 14:12
【摘要】：丰富而低廉的劳动力曾为中国制造业在国际竞争中保持优势提供重要支撑,但是近年来却面临着劳动力成本持续上升的压力。劳动力成本的不断上升对企业行为、产业升级和经济可持续发展都产生了深刻影响。现有研究一般认为劳动力成本上升会"倒逼"企业创新,劳动力成本的增长虽然增加了企业生产的成本,但会促使企业采取创新行为,提高竞争力,从而达到"创造性破坏"的阶段。从理论角度上看,新古典的经济学、熊彼特的增长理论和内生增长理论对劳动力成本与创新的影响机制已有较多论述。然而,在当前中国劳动力成本迅速上涨的条件下,企业选择消极地或是积极地应对的案例都屡见不鲜,成为经济转型过程中引发讨论的两种完全相反的现象。从企业本身内部异质性特征出发,企业规模的不同导致了企业在面临成本上升压力时的应对能力不一,在创新理论的系统研究中,企业规模对创新活动具有重要影响。因此,本文研究的问题是企业规模在劳动力成本上升影响企业创新的过程中发挥了何种作用,并探析其原因。本文基于中国企业—劳动力匹配调查(CEES)数据,对劳动力成本上升背景下不同规模企业创新行为的变化进行了大样本的实证研究。将企业研发强度和新产品销售额作为企业创新的代理变量,研究发现劳动力成本上升对于企业创新投入存在显著的负向激励作用,对企业新产品创新具有显著的"倒逼"效应,但加入企业规模和劳动力成本的交互项后,发现企业规模显著降低了劳动力成本上升对企业创新的不利影响,随着企业规模的扩大,劳动力成本上升对企业创新的"倒逼"效应逐渐增强,也即企业规模具有显著的调节作用。在稳健性检验和内生性问题的讨论中,企业规模的正向调节作用也十分显著。论文进一步分析认为,之所以劳动力成本上升对企业创新行为的影响在不同规模企业之间存在明显差异,创新活动的规模经济性、创新的技能偏向性和劳动力成本上升的技能分化是其产生的重要机制。对于中小企业而言,创新资金基础薄弱、技能劳动力积累不足和劳动力成本上升幅度快是造成其难以通过企业创新活动有效对冲劳动力成本上升压力的重要原因。据此,论文从政府政策层面对大型企业和中小企业如何在劳动力成本持续上升情况下提升创新能力提出了一些建议。
[Abstract]:The abundant and cheap labor force has provided the important support for the Chinese manufacturing industry to maintain the superiority in the international competition, but in recent years it is facing the pressure of the rising labor cost. The rising labor cost has a profound impact on enterprise behavior, industrial upgrading and sustainable economic development. Existing studies generally believe that rising labor costs will "force" enterprises to innovate. Although the increase in labor costs increases the cost of enterprise production, it will encourage enterprises to adopt innovative behavior and improve their competitiveness. In order to reach the stage of "creative destruction". From a theoretical point of view, the influence mechanism of neoclassical economics, Schumpeter's growth theory and endogenous growth theory on labor cost and innovation has been discussed. However, under the condition of the rapid rise of labor cost in China, the cases that enterprises choose to deal with passively or positively are common and become two completely opposite phenomena in the process of economic transformation. According to the internal heterogeneity of enterprises, the different scale of enterprises leads to different coping ability when facing the pressure of rising cost. In the systematic study of innovation theory, the scale of enterprises has an important impact on innovation activities. Therefore, the problem studied in this paper is how the scale of enterprises plays a role in the process of labor cost rising and influencing the innovation of enterprises, and analyzes the reasons. Based on the (CEES) data of China's business-labor force matching survey, this paper conducts a large sample empirical study on the changes of innovation behavior of enterprises of different sizes under the background of rising labor costs. Taking R & D intensity and new product sales as proxy variables of enterprise innovation, it is found that the increase of labor cost has a significant negative incentive effect on enterprise innovation investment, and has a significant "forced" effect on enterprise new product innovation. However, after joining the interaction between enterprise size and labor cost, it is found that enterprise scale significantly reduces the adverse impact of rising labor cost on enterprise innovation, and with the expansion of enterprise scale, The "forcing" effect of enterprise innovation is gradually enhanced by the increase of labor cost, that is, the scale of enterprise has a significant regulating effect. In the discussion of robustness test and endogeneity, the positive regulation of firm scale is also very significant. The paper further analyzes that the impact of the rising labor cost on the innovation behavior of enterprises has obvious differences among different scale enterprises, and the scale economy of innovation activities. The skill bias of innovation and the skill differentiation of rising labor cost are the important mechanism. For small and medium-sized enterprises, the weak foundation of innovation fund, the insufficient accumulation of skilled labor force and the rapid increase of labor cost are the important reasons that make it difficult to effectively hedge the rising pressure of labor cost through enterprise innovation activities. On the basis of this, the paper puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the innovation ability of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises under the condition of rising labor cost from the government policy level.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F273.1;F272.92
[Abstract]:The abundant and cheap labor force has provided the important support for the Chinese manufacturing industry to maintain the superiority in the international competition, but in recent years it is facing the pressure of the rising labor cost. The rising labor cost has a profound impact on enterprise behavior, industrial upgrading and sustainable economic development. Existing studies generally believe that rising labor costs will "force" enterprises to innovate. Although the increase in labor costs increases the cost of enterprise production, it will encourage enterprises to adopt innovative behavior and improve their competitiveness. In order to reach the stage of "creative destruction". From a theoretical point of view, the influence mechanism of neoclassical economics, Schumpeter's growth theory and endogenous growth theory on labor cost and innovation has been discussed. However, under the condition of the rapid rise of labor cost in China, the cases that enterprises choose to deal with passively or positively are common and become two completely opposite phenomena in the process of economic transformation. According to the internal heterogeneity of enterprises, the different scale of enterprises leads to different coping ability when facing the pressure of rising cost. In the systematic study of innovation theory, the scale of enterprises has an important impact on innovation activities. Therefore, the problem studied in this paper is how the scale of enterprises plays a role in the process of labor cost rising and influencing the innovation of enterprises, and analyzes the reasons. Based on the (CEES) data of China's business-labor force matching survey, this paper conducts a large sample empirical study on the changes of innovation behavior of enterprises of different sizes under the background of rising labor costs. Taking R & D intensity and new product sales as proxy variables of enterprise innovation, it is found that the increase of labor cost has a significant negative incentive effect on enterprise innovation investment, and has a significant "forced" effect on enterprise new product innovation. However, after joining the interaction between enterprise size and labor cost, it is found that enterprise scale significantly reduces the adverse impact of rising labor cost on enterprise innovation, and with the expansion of enterprise scale, The "forcing" effect of enterprise innovation is gradually enhanced by the increase of labor cost, that is, the scale of enterprise has a significant regulating effect. In the discussion of robustness test and endogeneity, the positive regulation of firm scale is also very significant. The paper further analyzes that the impact of the rising labor cost on the innovation behavior of enterprises has obvious differences among different scale enterprises, and the scale economy of innovation activities. The skill bias of innovation and the skill differentiation of rising labor cost are the important mechanism. For small and medium-sized enterprises, the weak foundation of innovation fund, the insufficient accumulation of skilled labor force and the rapid increase of labor cost are the important reasons that make it difficult to effectively hedge the rising pressure of labor cost through enterprise innovation activities. On the basis of this, the paper puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the innovation ability of large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises under the condition of rising labor cost from the government policy level.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F273.1;F272.92
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