塞尔柱王朝的政治经济制度探析

发布时间：2018-01-01 14:41

本文关键词：塞尔柱王朝的政治经济制度探析　出处：《浙江师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：塞尔柱王朝是11世纪塞尔柱突厥人在中亚、西亚建立的逊尼派伊斯兰教的国家《1037～1194)。塞尔柱人属突厥乌古斯部落联盟中的一支,初居突厥斯坦的吉尔吉斯草原,以其酋长塞尔柱(Saljuq)的名字命名。约于10世纪中期,塞尔柱率其游牧部族西迁至锡尔河下游的毡的地区,并在此地区皈依了伊斯兰教。随后塞尔柱人在中亚地区迅速扩张,最强盛时期统治区域包括西亚、中亚和小亚细亚地区,形成一个强大的军事封建王朝。塞尔柱人自游牧民族起家,在中亚扩张的过程中应对中亚地区的统治需要,逐渐将自身的传统与中亚地区原有的统治制度相融合,形成了一系列带有自身特色的统治制度。本文主要探析了塞尔柱王朝时期的政治制度、经济制度和这些制度的特点以及对中亚地区所产生的一些影响。本文分为四个部分。第一部分讨论了塞尔柱人的族源问题和塞尔柱人崛起的内外条件。塞尔柱人原本是是属于乌古斯部落联盟中的一支,在随后的发展过程中,塞尔柱人因一些方面与乌古斯部落联盟首领叶护的分歧越来越大,同时乌古斯部落联盟内部也有了分裂的趋势,塞尔柱人借着这一趋势最终打败叶护作为一支独立的力量加入到中亚各个势力的角逐中。塞尔柱人借着皈依伊斯兰教带来的优势利用中亚各个势力相互斗争的契机在中亚站稳脚跟并代替原有统治者建立自己的王朝。本文的第二、第三部分主要论述了塞尔柱王朝的政治、经济制度的特点。因为塞尔柱王朝在一定意义上是建立在伊斯兰教基础之上的,伊斯兰教为其存在提供政治上的合法性,因此塞尔柱王朝非常注重对伊斯兰教的发展,维护伊斯兰教逊尼派的统治地位。但是塞尔柱王朝继承波斯政治传统,在政治上实行中央集权的原则。所以塞尔柱王朝形成了宗教上维护阿拔斯哈里发的最高权威,而素丹掌握最高的世俗统治权的双领袖体制。在世俗事务上为弥补自身统治经验不足形成了以大维齐尔为首的行政体系,辅佐素丹进行世俗统治。同时王朝中也有具有鲜明游牧民族传统的阿塔贝克制度。在经济制度方面,塞尔柱王朝主要是继承已有的制度加以完善。比如将伊克塔制度更加系统化;在商业方面重振穆哈泰希卜的权威并增加穆哈泰希卜在宗教方面的作用。在财政制度方面,虽然比较重视税收的征收但又也有一定的随意性。第三部分主要是论述了塞尔柱王朝政治、经济制度对于中亚历史的影响。塞尔柱王朝的制度在延续之前王朝统治制度的基础上有比较大的完善发展,并在制度中添加了许多自身的特色,对于伊斯兰世界的发展有比较大的影响。尤其是对于塞尔柱王朝的最主要的继承者奥斯曼土耳其帝国产生了深刻的影响。
[Abstract]:In 11th century, the Selzhu dynasty was a state of Sunni Islam established by the Selzhu Turks in Central Asia and Western Asia. Selzhu was a member of the Turkic Uguls Tribal Alliance. The Kyrgyz steppe of Turkestan named after its sheikh Saljuq. around the middle of 10th century Serzhu led his nomadic tribe westward to the tapestry of the lower Sirr River. And converted to Islam in this region. The Seljuans then rapidly expanded in Central Asia, the most powerful regions including Western Asia, Central Asia and Asia minor. Formed a powerful military feudal dynasty. Selzhu people from the nomadic people in the process of expansion in Central Asia to cope with the needs of Central Asian rule. Gradually will own tradition and the Central Asian region of the original ruling system to form a series of governance system with its own characteristics. This paper mainly analyzes the political system of the Serzhu dynasty. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the origin of Selzhu and the internal and external conditions of the rise of Selzhu. It was originally part of the August-based Tribal Alliance. In the subsequent development process, the Serzhu people because of some aspects and the Ugus tribal alliance leader Ye Hui more and more differences, at the same time there is a trend of division within the Ugus Tribal Alliance. The Selzhu took advantage of this trend to defeat Ye Hu as an independent force to join the struggle of various forces in Central Asia. The Selzhu took advantage of the advantages of conversion to Islam to take advantage of the mutual struggle of the various forces in Central Asia. Machine in Central Asia to establish a firm foothold and replace the original rulers to establish their own dynasty. The third part mainly discusses the characteristics of the political and economic system of the Serzhu dynasty, because the Selzhu dynasty is based on Islam in a certain sense. Islam provides political legitimacy for its existence, so the Selzhu dynasty attaches great importance to the development of Islam and the maintenance of the dominant position of Sunni Islam. But the Selzhu dynasty inherited the Persian political tradition. The principle of centralization of power was practised in politics. So the Selzhu dynasty formed the highest religious authority to defend the caliphate. In order to make up for the lack of experience in their own ruling, Su-dan had formed the administrative system headed by Great Weizier in secular affairs in order to make up for his lack of ruling experience. At the same time in the dynasty there is also a distinct nomadic tradition of the Atabek system. In the economic system. Selzhu dynasty is mainly to inherit the existing system to be improved, such as Iqta system more systematic; Reinvigorate the authority of Muhartahib in business and increase the role of Muhartahib in religion. In the financial system. Although pay more attention to the collection of tax, but also have a certain degree of arbitrariness. The third part mainly discusses the politics of Selzhu dynasty. The influence of the economic system on the history of Central Asia. The system of the Selzhu dynasty has developed greatly on the basis of the continuation of the ruling system of the dynasty before, and has added a lot of its own characteristics to the system. It had a great influence on the development of the Islamic world, especially on the Ottoman Turkish Empire, the most important successor to the Serzhu dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K131

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