中世纪至近代早期英国贵族社会地位的变化及其文学形象的嬗变研究

发布时间：2018-01-03 23:30

本文关键词：中世纪至近代早期英国贵族社会地位的变化及其文学形象的嬗变研究　出处：《华中师范大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文采用史学研究中的社会史理论和文学研究中的新历史主义文学批评方法,在整体考察中世纪至近代转型时期英国社会历史的基础上,探讨贵族阶层社会地位的变化与其社会形象在文学作品中的嬗变之间的内在联系,尝试对文学与社会历史的互动关系给出合理的解释。贵族指的是古代中世纪以及近代时期在社会、政治、经济、文化和法律等方面享有特权的等级阶层。英国世俗贵族的称谓经历了“哥斯特”、“塞恩”与“方伯”的演变,最终形成了五级贵族体系。爵位和特权是贵族身份的重要标志。中世纪的英国贵族是王权的服务者和制约者,他们占据大量地产,采取庄园经营的方式主导着国家经济的发展,引领社会精神价值的取向。贵族在中世纪英国文学作品中具有“天然长上”的正面形象。从早期的国王到伊丽莎白女王,从沃伦尼伯爵到贵族反对派领袖孟福尔伯爵,贵族在文学作品中的形象为人称颂。西德尼爵士更以其高风亮节、舍己为人的凛然之举被文学作品赞誉为“时代之花”。早期英国贵族与骑士身份密不可分。骑士精神是贵族精神的源头,骑士文学也是最早描绘贵族阶层形象的文学作品。骑士制度与骑士文学为近代英国社会教育、风俗、文学、艺术和语汇烙下了鲜明的印记。骑士文学作品所描述的贵族、骑士大都是傲然挺立,忠诚勇武、谦逊文雅的光辉形象,其目的就在于激励骑士与贵族臻于达到骑士精神的理想境界,以便支撑社会的正义体系,使中世纪时期乱世求安的人们得以安居乐业。都铎王朝时期,英国社会开始转型,由传统的农业社会向近代工商业社会转变,社会不同阶层财富结构,尤其是土地财富占有结构出现史无前例的剧烈变革,由此导致英国至诺曼征服之后数百年来的传统社会结构开始出现较大变化。各阶级、阶层、集团和人群的社会位置发生移位、变动,其相互关系也日趋多样化、复杂化。新兴乡绅、约曼、工商业资产阶级在英格兰社会经济以及议会中的力量蓬勃兴起,他们必然会要求阳光下的利益地盘。与此相对应的则是土地贵族守旧的地产经营管理方式导致经济地位、政治特权以及爵位等级和社会荣誉地位急剧衰落,而贪婪腐败、道德堕落、横行霸道、卖官鬻爵实为贵族阶层的关节炎,到了转型时期,社会新兴阶层就会群起攻之,而贵族又不肯、不敢、不愿直面这些指摘,其形象也必然会为竭力争权夺利的新兴工商业阶层所诟病,文学作品中的贵族形象也与亚瑟王传奇时期的贵族之拯救生灵于乱世的形象大相径庭。转型时期英国文学作品对贵族形象的批评与讽刺既有对贵族阶层中某些具体人物为非作歹的直接点名道姓的抨击,又有对整个贵族群体形象败坏的理性剖析；既有从贵族群体内部某些人物遭受命运逆转、幡然醒悟之后对贵族虚妄品行的抨击,亦有出身于贵族并仍身处其中的一些具有近代民主观念的思想家对贵族阶层以及贵族体制流弊之内省式批判。在批评贵族形象的文学体裁方面,戏剧占据了极为重要的地位,这也是伊丽莎白时期英国文学最高艺术成就的表现方式。在戏剧之外,诗歌、散文、小说、政论文等紧随其后,将贵族的形象从政治腐败、殖民掠夺、经济贪婪与社会道德堕落等不同的侧面一一加以拆解。究其实质而言,贵族文学形象的衰落是由其所代表的落后的地产经营方式导致生产力无法满足新兴商品经济发展的矛盾所决定的,文学作品描述的贵族阶层形象的嬗变只是对贵族阶层丧失经济主导地位、政治特权旁落导致社会形象沉沦的必然趋势的真实写照,而不是引发贵族形象嬗变的主要原因。但文学作品对贵族形象的鞭挞推动了贵族阶层的自我反省,促使贵族阶层在经济生活、政治特权、文化教育、社会精神风尚等领域力举变革。一部分土地贵族改变地产经营方式向新型资产者转变,一部分新兴资产阶级也通过财富购买爵位等途径实现贵族化,贵族与资产阶级之间的相互融合既改变了贵族阶层的经济地位,又避免了贵族成为资产阶级革命的直接对象,有助于维护贵族群体的政治权势,恢复贵族群体的社会形象,形成新的绅士文化,由此迎来了18世纪英国贵族的盛世。贵族阶层近而以翩翩有礼的绅士风度重新展现于文学作品与现实生活中,“英国绅士”成为了18世纪后期贵族在文学作品中普遍的敬称,虽仍不失傲慢,但已是世人心悦诚服的赞叹。作者从两个层面对论文的研究主题进行了总结：一、英国贵族和社会转型的历史经验,体现在四个方面：传统贵族资产阶级化与资产阶级贵族化带给英国社会变革的妥协性、政治变革上的渐进性、注重宪政观念与法律意识以及贵族精神与绅士文化在社会变革中的牵引作用；二、文学与社会历史之间存在着多层互动联系。社会的存在与发展具有物质的属性,而文学则更具意识属性,其可以在社会的物质属性基础上纵横跳跃,但无法脱离社会的时代背景,时代的属性决定文学的精神内涵。文学具备历史的“真实性”,但揭示的是代表性的社会真理,是社会历史的精华、节略和概要；历史叙述也具备文学的属性,文学和历史两种叙述方式在“追问真相”的哲学思维的支配下,成为互补的“追问真相”的不同方式,两者不尽同而可相通,诗具史笔,史蕴诗心。
[Abstract]:This paper uses the theory and literature on social history in the research of history of literary criticism of new historicism, in the whole investigation foundation of English middle ages to modern social history during the transition period, the intrinsic link between the changes of the social status of the aristocracy and the social change of image in the literary works, try to Literature and social history the interactive relationship between give a reasonable explanation.
The nobility refers to the ancient medieval and modern periods in the social, political, economic, cultural and legal aspects of the privileged class class. British secular noble title has experienced "gust", "Sean evolution" and "city", and eventually formed a five level noble system is an important symbol of title and privilege. Nobility. The British aristocracy is medieval kingship and service constraints, they occupy a large number of real estate, take the manor operating mode dominates the development of the national economy, leading the social orientation of spiritual value.
The nobility with the "natural long" positive image in the literary works of medieval England. From the early king to Queen Elizabeth, from Wolunni count to noble opposition leader Earl de Montfort, image in the literary works of the aristocratic praise. Sir Sidney in the high wind Festival, it is the sacrifice awe inspiring literary works praise as the "era of flower". Early British nobles and knights identity inseparable. Knight spirit is the source of the spirit of the noble knight literature, is also one of the earliest literary works depict nobility image. The knight system and Qi Shiwen for social education, modern British customs, literature, art and language bears a distinctive mark of knight literature. The description of the nobles, knights are loyal brave, stand proudly, brilliant image of gentle humility, its purpose is to inspire the knight and noble knight to urda Zhen The ideal state of the spirit, in order to support the justice system of the society, made the people of the medieval times of the troubled times secure and live in peace and pleasure.
The Tudor England society began to transition, the transition from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society, different social strata structure of wealth, especially land possession of wealth structure revolution which led to the British There was no parallel in history., Norman to conquer the traditional social structure for hundreds of years to start a larger change. Each class, class, group and people's social position shift and change, their mutual relations are becoming increasingly diversified, complicated. Emerging industrial and commercial power of the squire, yeoman, bourgeois society and economy in England and in Parliament booming, they will demand the sunshine interests site. Corresponding with this is the real estate management land aristocracy the conservative led to economic status, political privileges and title rank and social honor status declined sharply, and the greed and corruption, moral decay, run amuck, It is the nobility of the arthritis maiguanyujue, to the transition period, new social classes will be rushed to the attack, and the nobles refused, dare not, do not want to face these accusations, the image will be criticized for the emerging business class to struggle for power, in literary works and also save the noble image of King Arthur legend period noble creatures in troubled times the image be quite different.
British literature during the transition period of criticism and satire on the noble image of both of the nobility in some specific character names directly do evil attack, and rational analysis of corruption of the noble image of the group; both groups within certain characters from the noble fate was reversed, attack on the noble conduct of false awakening. There are some aristocratic democratic ideas with modern thinkers and still living in one of the nobility and aristocracy within the province. In the literary criticism of such genre criticism noble image, drama plays a very important role, which is the highest artistic achievement of Elizabeth period in English literature forms. In the play outside, poetry, prose, novels, essays, followed by image from the aristocratic political corruption, colonial plunder, economic greed and moral degradation To dismantle one by one on different sides.
Inessence, the decline of aristocratic literature is not determined by the image of the development of commodity economy in the emerging contradictions caused by the productive force behind the real estate business, the evolution of literary works describe the aristocracy of images is the dominant position of the economic loss of the nobility, a true portrayal of political privileges leads to an inevitable trend of social image. Sink, not the leading cause of noble image of evolution. But the literary works of the noble image of the nobility of the lash promote self reflection, the aristocratic stratum in economic life, political privileges, cultural education, social and other fields for the spirit of fashion change. A part of the land aristocracy to change the transition to the new mode of operation of real estate bourgeois, a part of the bourgeoisie is realized through the wealth to buy the title of nobility, between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie is melting He not only changed the nobility of the economic status, but also avoid the aristocrat becomes a direct object of the bourgeois revolution, contribute to the maintenance of the noble group of political power, restore the aristocracy social image, the formation of new gentleman culture, which ushered in the eighteenth Century British nobility. The nobility in the world filled with elegant and polite a gentleman to show in the literature and real life, "the British gentleman" became the aristocracy in late eighteenth Century in the literary works in the common honorifics, but has still not lost pride, the world is convincing and impressive.
The author from the two aspects of the topic of this paper is summarized: first, the historical experience of the British aristocracy and social transformation, reflected in four aspects: the traditional bourgeois aristocratic and bourgeois aristocratic compromise to British social change, progressive political reform, focus on the role of traction constitutional idea and legal consciousness and the noble spirit and gentleman culture in social change; two, there are multi-level interactive relationship between literature and social history. With the material properties of existence and development of the society, and literature is more aware of the attributes in the social material properties based on vertical jump, but can not be divorced from the social background of the times. The attribute determines the spiritual connotation of literature. The literary history with "reality", but reveal is representative of the social truth, is the essence of social history, and history are abridged; The property also has literature, literature and history two kind of narration in "rule of philosophical thinking of questioning the truth", become complementary "questioning the truth" in different ways, both are connected with the poem and, with pen of history, history of close relationship.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K561;I565.06

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