中国早期马克思主义者对民主的认识研究

发布时间：2018-01-07 15:12

  本文关键词：中国早期马克思主义者对民主的认识研究　出处：《湖南大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 中国早期马克思主义者 民主 马克思主义 意识形态

【摘要】：追求民主为近现代中国历史发展的动力之一。自西方列强叩关而来,中国便不可避免地卷入马克思所指明的“历史向世界历史转变”的过程之中。以救亡为己任的近代中国知识精英欲引西方民主为中国现代化开路,却始终不得要领。盖因追求民主为中国谋求政治现代化的集中体现,势必与中国现代化的整体进程相关联。中国独特的社会结构成为规范和制约民主形式与走向的关键因素。作为民主的追求者、思考者、诉说者和实践者,中国早期马克思主义者在前人所开辟的“向西方学习”和“反对皇权专制”两个面向上殚精竭虑,他们不断引介西方思想资源,在批判纲常伦理等儒家传统的同时,鼓吹“独立自主之人格”,企图推动中国走类似西方国家的民主道路。然而局势的动荡,使得这种将希望寄托在“个人觉醒”的民主道路不断遭受挫折,李大钊、陈独秀等人开始认识到西方民主的一般模式与经验不是中国现代化的必然选择,转而寻求超越西方的新的思想体系为社会变革开路。马克思主义以源于西方而又超越西方的姿态进入李大钊、陈独秀等先进知识精英的视野,并日益获得重视。一方面,他们在确认民主乃中国现代化必然选择的基础上,继承并延续了先前对于民主的一般理解,认为民主必然包括人民主权、个人平等等内容;另一方面,对马克思主义的信服,使得他们着重从外在于“个人”的社会政经秩序的角度看待民主的实现问题。于是,中国早期马克思主义者大多把“民主”等同为“资产阶级民主”,视其为人类历史上的一个由资产阶级把持政权的特殊阶段及其所建立的一整套政治经济秩序。在此秩序之中,多数平民的应有权利得不到落实,是一种“假民主”。因此,他们转而追求一种有别于“个人觉醒”所代表的内生性质的民主演进道路,寄希望于迅速改变外在政治经济秩序以建立“真正民主”。社会主义与民主成为须臾不可分离的一体两面。作为向社会主义过渡的“无产阶级专政”因而获得了历史的正当性。这条民主路径的获得,使得中国早期马克思主义者的民主思考展现出三个明显的特征:第一,在“价值多元”的处境中,“平等”成为他们民主认知的首要价值,西方民主所着重的“自由”价值渐居次席,但这种对“自由民主”否定,所针对的只是民主政治的实现方式,而“自由”价值本身。“自由”成为一种有待来日的微弱关怀;第二,如何使普通民众能够充分享受民主权利、履行民主责任、行使民主权力成为他们民主认知的核心关怀。无论是对“独立自主之人格”的提倡,还是对“资本主义民主”的厌弃,陈独秀、李大钊等人始终以“如何发挥人民积极参与政治的主动性”为首要目的,并伴随他们民主思想发展的始终;第三,现代民主政治的确立需要与中外一切阻碍民主发展的“强权”相抗衡。“反抗强权即为德谟克拉西”在特殊的历史时空中具有非常的意义,它在一定程度上表明通过改变外在政经秩序是中国谋求政治现代化的必经之路。中国早期马克思主义者的民主思考所具备的内容和特质,及其所表现出的价值关怀,不但具有丰富的思想内涵和时代特色,更为中国政治现代化不断提供重要的思想因素,是中国民主思想进步和民主政治建设的恒久思想资源。
[Abstract]:As one of the modern history of the development of the power China pursuit of democracy. Since western powers attempt to China inevitably involved in the Marx specified in the "history changed to the" history of the world. In order to save the country as the modern Chinese intellectual elite to lead the way for the modern western democratic China, but always miss the point. Because the pursuit of democracy to embody the political modernization as Chinese, associated with the overall process of modernization is bound to Chinese. China unique social structure become the key factor to regulate and restrict the democratic form and direction. As the main pursuit, thinkers and practitioners say, China early Marx who opened up in the previous "learning from the west" and "oppose autocracy" two oriented on introducing western thought they continue to leave no stone unturned, resources, ethics and Confucian in Criticism The system at the same time, advocating "independent personality", in an attempt to promote China similar democracy in western countries. However, the turmoil in the road, which will hope in the "awakening" of the democratic road continues to suffer setbacks, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and others began to realize the general pattern and experience of Western democracy is the inevitable choice of modern China instead, seek beyond western new ideas open system for social change. The Marx doctrine into Li Dazhao from the West and beyond the Western attitude, Chen Duxiu and other advanced intellectual elite vision, and has gained much attention. On the one hand, they confirm democracy is the inevitable choice of modern China based on Inheritance and the continuation of the previous to general understanding of democracy, that democracy must include the people's sovereignty, equality and other content; on the other hand, the conviction of Marx doctrine, So they focused on the "implementation" of social political and economic order at the view of democracy from the outside. So, most of the early China Marx doctrine of "democracy" as "bourgeois democracy", as a political and economic order is a special stage of human history by the bourgeoisie dominated regime and established. In this order, the rights of the majority of civilians who are not implemented, is a "false democracy". Therefore, they turned to the pursuit of a democratic evolution different from the "personal awakening" represents the endogenous nature, hoping to quickly change the external political and economic order to establish "a real democratic socialism and democracy. As one of the two sides can not be separated. As the transition to socialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat and the legitimacy of the democratic path of history. Get the democratic thinking Chinese early Marx doctrine shows three distinct characteristics: first, in the "value pluralism" situation, "equality" has become the most important value of their democratic cognition, western democracy focuses on the "free" value gradually ranks second, but this denial of the "freedom and democracy" just for the realization of democratic politics, and "free" value itself. "Freedom" has become a concern to be weak tomorrow; second, how to make ordinary people can fully enjoy democratic rights and fulfill the Democratic responsibility for the democratic rights become the core concern of their democratic awareness. Whether it is the "advocate independent of personality", or "capitalist democracy" from Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, et al. Has always been to "how to play the people to actively participate in the political initiative led to the goal, and with him They always thought of democracy development; third, establish the need of modern democratic politics and foreign all hinder the development of democracy in the "power" to compete. "The resistance power for democracy" has a very special significance in the history of space-time, it show that a change in the external political and economic order in a certain extent, is the only way which must be passed Chinese seek the content and characteristics of political modernization. The democratic thinking China early Marx nationalists have, as well as the value of care, not only has the rich connotation and the characteristics of the times, more China continue to provide ideological and political modernization important factors, is Chinese democracy progress and the construction of democratic politics is the thought resources.

【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B261
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本文编号：1393089