加拿大的北极理事会政策研究

发布时间：2018-01-31 07:26

本文关键词： 加拿大北极理事会北极区域合作　出处：《上海外国语大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：加拿大在北极地区拥有广阔领土和历史悠久的原住民，具有重大国家利益。但是加拿大与北方邻国均存有主权或主权权利纠纷。气候变暖在提供经济开发前景的同时也威胁着加拿大的生态环境和原住民文化。这些因素影响了加拿大北方观念的形成，决定了其北极外交政策主要目标是维护主权安全并促进北方地区环境、经济、社会可持续发展，实现这些目标的主要途径是加强区域合作。北极理事会正是加拿大积极追求北极区域合作的最重要外交成果。加拿大是最早提出北极理事会设想的国家，其设想经二十年酝酿后于1991年最终成型。加拿大将北极理事会构想为一个议题范围全面涵盖政治、经济、军事、环境和社会等问题并具有常设机构的综合性国际机构，旨在促进北极和平与文明发展。为促进北极的有效治理，还特别将原住民组织引入了北极理事会的决策机制中。加拿大于1993年通过双边和多边外交获得了大部分北极国家和原住民组织对北极理事会的支持。但美国坚决反对北极理事会的职能范围、决策机制等设计，漫长的谈判和外交斡旋无果后，加拿大最终妥协于美国的观点。1996年正式成立的北极理事会被局限于低政治领域议题，并且不具有常设机构和工作人员，原住民组织也没能如加拿大预想般获得决策权。此后，加拿大积极支持理事会工作的同时也一直致力于将理事会推上符合加拿大利益的发展轨道。2013年加拿大再次担任轮值主席国，，宣布将进一步加强北极理事会。同时，加拿大议会还密切关注原住民组织在理事会内部的实际参与程度和参与能力。加拿大的北极理事会政策呈现出两大特点。第一，具有寻求建立综合性国际机制的多边主义政策倾向。加拿大希望在该机制中将部分双边问题多边化，增加本国谈判筹码。加拿大还积极促进北极合作从低政治领域向高政治领域外溢，以期拓宽北极理事会职能范围。第二，能够适时地灵活调整外交政策以平衡区域内大国对北极事务的影响。这表现在两方面：其一，积极引入以原住民组织为代表的区域内非国家行为体来平衡大国对北极事务的影响力；其二，适时地转变对域外国家的排斥态度以制衡域内大国的单边行动。
[Abstract]:Canada has vast territory and a long history of aboriginal peoples in the Arctic. There are significant national interests. But Canada has sovereignty or sovereignty rights disputes with its northern neighbors. Climate change not only offers prospects for economic development, but also threatens Canada's ecological environment and aboriginal culture. The element affected the formation of the northern Canadian concept. The main objectives of its Arctic foreign policy are to maintain sovereign security and promote the environmental, economic and social sustainable development of the northern region. The main way to achieve these objectives is to strengthen regional cooperation. The Arctic Council is the most important diplomatic achievement of Canada's active pursuit of Arctic regional cooperation. Canada was the first country to propose the Arctic Council idea. The idea came to fruition in 1991 after two decades of gestation. Canada envisioned the Arctic Council as a broad range of topics covering political, economic, and military issues. An integrated international body with permanent institutions on issues such as the environment and society aimed at promoting peace and civilized development in the Arctic... for the promotion of effective governance in the Arctic. In particular, Aboriginal organizations have been introduced into the Arctic Council's decision-making mechanisms. In 1993 Canada received support for the Arctic Council from most Arctic and Aboriginal organizations through bilateral and multilateral diplomacy but the United States strongly opposed the scope of the Council's functions. After the design of decision-making mechanisms, lengthy negotiations and diplomatic mediation failed, Canada finally compromised the American view. The Arctic Council, formally established in 1996, was confined to low-political issues. And without permanent institutions and staff, Aboriginal organizations have not been given the decision-making power that Canada expected. While actively supporting the work of the Council Canada has also been committed to putting the Council on a path of development in Canada's interest. In 2013 Canada assumed the presidency again. It was announced that the Arctic Council would be further strengthened. At the same time, the Canadian Parliament closely monitored the actual level of participation and capacity of Aboriginal organizations within the Council. Canada's Arctic Council policy has two main characteristics. Firstly, it has the tendency of seeking to establish an integrated international mechanism. Canada hopes to multilateralize some bilateral issues in this mechanism. Canada also actively promotes the spillover of Arctic cooperation from low-political to high-political areas, with a view to broadening the scope of the Arctic Council's functions... second. The ability to adjust foreign policy in a timely and flexible manner to balance the influence of the great powers in the region on Arctic affairs can be seen in two ways: first. Actively introducing non-state actors in the region, represented by indigenous organizations, to balance the influence of great powers on Arctic affairs; Second, timely change the rejection of foreign countries to counterbalance unilateral actions of regional powers.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D814.1

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