俄国专制君主制起源与形成研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 05:13

  本文选题：俄国 + 基辅罗斯　； 参考：《陕西师范大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：专制君主制是俄罗斯政治文明的核心,是理解俄国各阶段历史进程的一把钥匙。学界对其演变研究颇丰,但对其起源和形成追溯不足。本文力图在文明史观的视野下,将俄国专制君主制放入东方式的独裁君主制和西欧式的绝对君主制的比较研究中,以新制度主义的制度生成、维系、变迁理论为指导,探究俄国专制君主制作为一种独特的历史现象和政治制度是何时起源,为何产生和如何形成的,以期对俄国政治发展史获得更为深刻的认识。论文主体分为四个部分:第一部分,通过对基辅罗斯政治制度的历史考察,批驳了伊凡四世提出的“俄国专制君主制古已有之”的观点,为本文立论奠定基础。基辅罗斯是俄国历史上建立的第一个以基辅为中心、以东斯拉夫人为主体的国家。从宏观上看,9-10世纪的基辅罗斯是罗斯国家的形成期,11-13世纪初随着国家的发展,城市的壮大而形成诸多城邦,城邦制是古罗斯迈入文明世界的方式。从微观上看,通过利用古罗斯编年史等史料,关注古罗斯政治生活中的主要力量如王公、亲兵、维彻,考察其社会构成、职能和性质,基辅罗斯政治制度是多元化的非专制政治。第二部分剖析了俄国专制君主制何时以及缘何产生。在金帐汗国长达两个半世纪桎梏的大背景下,通过描述罗斯各地政治力量博弈和竞争的动态进程,探寻莫斯科政治模式取得胜利的多维度原因。金帐汗国的政治熏陶,拜占庭的东正教遗产,政治经济中心转移到东北罗斯以及莫斯科王公家族的个性与选择,这些因素共同导致了俄国专制君主制的起源。第三部分阐释了莫斯科罗斯专制君主制雏形的权力架构。细致考察了横向权力结构如大公和沙皇、波雅尔杜马、缙绅会议、衙门体系等中央政权机构,纵向权力结构如地方长官制度和食邑制、固巴管理和地方自治、军政长官管理等地方管理体系。通过分析俄国的两个所谓“等级代表机构”——波雅尔杜马、缙绅会议的社会构成、职能和性质,它们与西欧等级代表机构存在很大不同,莫斯科罗斯政治制度的实质并未脱离专制君主制的范畴。伊凡四世的特辖制以暴力手段摧毁了国家政权,并未在俄国建立起“绝对君主制”,不过,其统治时期的政治遗产为新王朝的建立提供了合法性基础。第四部分论述了俄国专制君主制如何在新的时代背景下最终形成。将17世纪的历史作为彼得一世改革的广阔背景,通过揭示大动乱年代专制君主制遭遇的严重危机和出现的新政治现象,分析俄国为何依然选择恢复和重建专制君主制的道路,又如何在传统与革新之间徘徊前行。彼得一世坚定和强有力的西化改革看似将俄国带入了与西欧相似的“绝对君主制”时代,实际不过是以“正规化国家”为依托,在新时代下将俄国长期以来君主权力的专制传统最终以法律形式确定下来,使专制君主制最终定型。本文以政治文明和政治制度变迁为视角,打破学术界使用“早期封建君主制”、“等级代表君主制”和“绝对君主制”等西方术语研究俄国政治制度演变的套路,梳理了专制君主制作为俄国独特历史现象在一个长时期内起源、雏形及定型的历史过程和发展脉络,真正解决俄国政治制度“是谁”而非“像谁”的本质问题,指出其历史发展符合政治制度变迁的一般逻辑。从俄国自身的地缘政治和不同的历史际遇分析专制君主制产生的原因,从而更准确把握俄罗斯民族独有的专制君主制的特点及其历史作用,为深入理解俄国政治史和现实政治提供新的启示。
[Abstract]:The autocratic monarchy is the core of Russian political civilization and a key to the understanding of the historical process of each stage of Russia. The academic circle has a great study on its evolution, but it traces its origin and formation. This article tries to put the autocratic monarchy into the dictatorial monarchy in the East and the absolute monarchy in the Western European style under the view of the historical view of civilization. In the comparative study, guided by the system of new institutionalism, maintenance and vicissitude, the author explores the origin of the Russian autocratic monarchy as a unique historical phenomenon and the political system, why and how it formed, in order to get a deeper understanding of the history of Russian political development. The main body of the thesis is divided into four parts: the first part According to the historical investigation of the political system of Ross in Kiev, it refutes the viewpoint that "the Russian autocratic monarchy has an ancient history" proposed by Ivan Ivan and laid the foundation for this article. Kiev Ross is the first country established in the history of Russia with Kiev as the center and the main body of Mrs. East ITA. From the macroscopic view, the 9-10 century Kiev Ross is the formation period of Ross country. In the early 11-13 century, with the development of the country and the expansion of the city, many city states were formed. The system of city states was the way ancient Ross entered the civilized world. From the microcosmic point of view, through the use of ancient Ross chronicles and other historical materials, the main forces in the political life of the ancient Ross, such as the Wang Gong, the family soldier, and the soul, were inspecting their social structure. Ross's political system in Kiev is a pluralistic and non autocratic politics. The second part analyses when and why the Russian autocratic monarchy is born. In the context of the shackles of the 2.5 century, the king of Khanate of Jin Dynasty, through the description of the dynamic process of the game and competition of political power throughout Ross, explores the political model of Moscow. The political edification of the khanate, the Eastern Orthodox heritage of the Byzantine Empire, the political and economic center to the northeastern Ross and the choice of the royal family in Moscow, which together led to the origin of the autocratic monarchy in Russia. The third part explained the power framework of the prototype of the autocratic monarchy of Moscow Ross. The central government institutions such as the grand public and the Czar, the Polish Duma, the gentry, the Yamen and other central authorities, the vertical power structure, such as the local governor system and the system of local government, the management of the local government and the local autonomy, the management of the military and political officers, are carefully examined. Through the analysis of the two so-called "rank representative agencies" in Russia - The social composition, function and nature of the conferences of the Poya Duma and the gentry were very different from those of the Western European hierarchy. The essence of the Ross political system in Moscow did not break out of the category of autocratic monarchy. The special jurisdiction of Ivan IV destroyed the state power by violent means, and did not establish "absolute monarchy" in Russia, but, The political heritage of the period of its rule provides a legal basis for the establishment of the new dynasty. The fourth part discusses how the Russian autocratic monarchy is finally formed under the new era background. The history of the seventeenth Century is the broad background of the reform of Peter Thi, and the serious crisis and new emergence of the monarchy in the era of great turmoil are revealed. The political phenomenon is to analyze why Russia still chooses to restore and rebuild the autocratic monarchy and how to move forward between tradition and innovation. Peter Thi's firm and strong westernization reform seems to bring Russia into the era of "absolute monarchy" similar to that of Western Europe, but in fact, it is based on the "regularized state", in a new way. The autocratic tradition of the long monarchy in Russia was finally determined in the form of law, and the autocratic monarchy was finally finalized. This article, taking the political and political system changes as the perspective, broke the academic circle to study Russian terms such as "the early feudal monarchy", "rank representative monarchy" and "absolute monarchy". The path of the evolution of the political system of the state has combed the historical process and development context of the autocratic monarchy as a Russian unique historical phenomenon in a long period of time, the embryonic form and the stereotype, and the real solution to the essence of the Russian political system "who is" rather than "like who", and points out that the development of the history of the Russian political system conforms to the general logic of the political system changes. Russia's own geopolitics and different historical circumstances analyze the causes of the autocratic monarchy, thus more accurately grasp the characteristics and historical role of the exclusive monarchy of the Russian nation, and provide a new inspiration for understanding the political and realistic politics of Russia.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D751.2
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本文编号：1809329