中国企业海外投资研究

发布时间：2018-05-05 01:15

本文选题：中国企业 + 走出去　；参考：《中共中央党校》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：在国际经济全球化的推动下，跨国公司日益成为重要的国际行为体之一。一个国家全球知名跨国公司的多少也成为综合国力的重要象征之一。进入新世纪以来，中国政府正在迅速适应世界潮流，不仅继续重视吸引国外直接投资，也越来越重视和鼓励中国企业的对外投资。 2001年12月11日中国正式加入世界贸易组织，此后，中国的对外贸易迅速增长，伴随着中国产品迅速走向世界，中国企业也在加速进入世界经济全球化的浪潮。2003年10月，党的十六届三中全会通过了《关于完善社会主义市场经济体制的若干重大问题的决定》，指出：“继续实施‘走出去’战略是建成完善的社会主义市场经济体制和更具活力、更加开放的经济体系的战略部署”。胡锦涛主席在党的十七大、十八大报告中明确指出：“把‘引进来’和‘走出去’更好的结合起来。”“加快走出去步伐，增强企业国际化经营能力，培育一批世界水平跨国公司”。由于中国长期实行社会主义计划经济，国有企业得到长足发展，经济实力较强，民营企业则经济实力较弱，并且和西方的众多知名跨国公司动则上百年的海外经营相比，中国企业成立的时间相对较晚，走向海外的历史则更是短暂。首先“走出去”的中国企业大多都是国有企业，在论述中国企业海外发展所取得的成就时大多列举的是国有企业。众所周知，中国国有企业的海外发展过程中，受到中国政府的大力支持，更多的是购买国民经济可持续发展的战略性资源，并不是纯粹的企业发展战略。例如：中石油和中石化近年来在海外大举收购海外油气资源，不仅仅是企业在最求利润最大化，也在某种程度上是为了保障中国的能源安全。民营企业对外投资占我国对外直接投资存量的比例非常小。我国社会主义市场经济的性质要求国有企业和民营企业在对外直接投资要均衡发展，国有企业对外直接投资总量的比例过高，以及民营企业对外直接投资总量的比例过低都是不合理的。民营企业对外投资的规模太小，从长远来看不利于中国对外直接投资的良性发展。在竞争中求生存，在竞争中促发展，是每一个企业发展的必由之路。但是，根据笔者六年多以来的亲身经历，中国企业在对外直接投资过程中频频出现恶性竞争，已经成为中国企业海外发展的“恶性肿瘤”，既损害了企业自身的经济利益，也损害了中国企业的整体形象。当某国成为国际直接投资热点、而我国最先进入该国的企业能够得到较好的收益时，常常出现国内一批企业蜂拥而至的现象，在获取投资项目的过程中甚至出现了相互拆台、自相残杀的情况，使东道国政府或其企业坐收渔利。许多国家在国际工程承包的招标中故意争取两家、甚至多家中国公司同时投标，往往引发中国企业进行血拼。其结果就是中国公司中标以后，由于合同价格过低而面临种种困难，甚至导致项目的失败。日本和韩国企业的经验值得重视。因为它们相信，即便是本国竞争对手在海外竞争的失败，也是自身的失败，因为这是一个国家民族产业的失败。这是一种成熟市场竞争环境下企业良好心态的体现，很值得中国企业效法。在中国企业整体实力和品牌影响力还远落后西方企业的现状下，任何一个企业所代表的都是中国企业的整体品牌，需要中国企业共同维护。同时，国家相关政府部门和行业协会应尽快在充分调查的基础上采取适当的措施，避免中国企业在海外的恶性竞争。随着新兴市场经济国家的迅速发展以及欧洲和美国陷入金融危机，世界经济重心东移趋势明显，以中国为代表的新兴市场经济国家在国际政治经济格局中的地位不断提高。中国企业经过改革开放三十多年的迅速发展和现代企业制度的建立，具备了对外投资的资本和科技实力；随着中国产业结构的调整和劳动力成本的迅速提高，中国企业产生了对外投资的强烈愿望；而西方发达国家金融危机的不断加深，又急需中国的资金帮助西方世界摆脱经济发展的困境；发展中国家发展经济急需的资金由于西方资本的撤出而陷入困境，中国不带任何政治条件的投资日益受到热烈欢迎。有利的国内外环境是中国对外直接投资迅速增长的主要原因。本文提到的中国企业对外直接投资过程中面临的机遇和挑战都是相对的。如果中国企业能够吸取西方发达国家企业、其他发展中国家企业以及中国企业自身对外直接投资过程中的经验和教训，中国企业就能把海外发展面临的挑战转变成机遇。同样，如果中国企业不能吸取其他国内外企业海外发展过程中的经验和教训，机遇也将不复存在，中国企业的海外发展之路也将充满荆棘。我们有理由相信，在中国经济迅速发展的趋势下，国有大型企业将继续积极进行海外投资，中小企业也将纷纷加入海外投资的浪潮。随着越来越多中国企业走向世界，，中国最终将实现从“世界工厂”的生产大国向制造业超级大国和“世界市场”的转化，即实现从粗放工业模式向创新的后工业模式的转变。届时中国这个全球商品生产国、技术进口国将转变为新技术输出国和商品进口国。
[Abstract]:With the promotion of international economic globalization , transnational corporations have become one of the most important international actors . How much of a well - known transnational corporation in a country has become one of the most important symbols of the comprehensive national strength . Since entering the new century , the Chinese government is rapidly adapting to the world trend . It will not only continue to attach great importance to attracting foreign direct investment , but also pay more attention to and encourage the foreign investment of Chinese enterprises .

On December 11 , 2001 , China officially joined the World Trade Organization . Since then , China ' s foreign trade has grown rapidly , accompanied by the rapid growth of China ' s products , and China ' s enterprises are accelerating the tide of the globalization of the world economy . In October 2003 , the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted Deng Xiaoping ' s decision on the improvement of the socialist market economy system .

Because of the long - term socialist planned economy in China , the state - owned enterprises have been developed in a long term , the economic strength is stronger , the private enterprises have weak economic strength , and the history of the Chinese enterprises is short .

The external investment of private enterprises accounts for a very small proportion of our country ' s external direct investment . The nature of our socialist market economy requires state - owned enterprises and private enterprises to make a balanced development in foreign direct investment . The proportion of the total amount of foreign direct investment of state - owned enterprises is too low , and the proportion of private enterprises to the total amount of foreign direct investment is too low . The scale of private enterprises ' foreign investment is too small , which is not conducive to the benign development of China ' s foreign direct investment in the long run .

However , according to the experience of the author ' s own experience , Chinese enterprises have become " malignant tumors " in the process of foreign direct investment , which has become the " malignant tumor " of Chinese enterprises overseas .

The experience of Japanese and Korean companies is worthy of attention because they believe that even the failure of their competitors to compete abroad is a failure of their own national industry . This is an embodiment of the enterprise ' s good mentality in a mature market competition environment , and it is worth the Chinese enterprise ' s effect . At the same time , any enterprise represents the whole brand of Chinese enterprises and needs joint maintenance of Chinese enterprises . At the same time , relevant government departments and trade associations should take appropriate measures on the basis of full investigation as soon as possible , so as to avoid the vicious competition of Chinese enterprises abroad .

With the rapid development of the emerging market economy countries and the financial crisis in Europe and the United States , the trend of the world economic center of gravity is obvious , the status of the emerging market economy countries represented by China in the international political and economic structure has been improved . The Chinese enterprises have the capital and technology strength of foreign investment after more than 30 years of reform and opening up and the establishment of modern enterprise system .
With the adjustment of China ' s industrial structure and the rapid increase of labor cost , Chinese enterprises have strong desire to invest abroad ;
The deepening of the financial crisis in the developed countries and the urgent need for China ' s capital to help the West get rid of the difficult economic development ;
With the withdrawal of western capital , the capital needed by the developing countries to develop the economy is in trouble . Investment in China without any political conditions is warmly welcomed . The favorable domestic and foreign environment is the main reason for the rapid growth of China ' s foreign direct investment .

The opportunities and challenges that Chinese enterprises face in the process of foreign direct investment are relative . If Chinese enterprises can absorb the experiences and lessons of western developed country enterprises , other developing country enterprises and Chinese enterprises themselves , Chinese enterprises can transform the challenges facing overseas development into opportunities . Similarly , if Chinese enterprises can not absorb the experiences and lessons from overseas development processes at home and abroad , opportunities will not exist , and the road of overseas development of Chinese enterprises will also be full of thorns .

We have reason to believe that , with the rapid development of China ' s economy , large - sized enterprises will continue to be actively engaged in overseas investment . Small and medium - sized enterprises will also join in the wave of overseas investment . As more and more Chinese enterprises go to the world , China will eventually realize the transformation from the " world factory " to the transformation of manufacturing superpowers and " world markets " , that is , to realize the transformation from the gross industrial model to the post - innovation industrial pattern of innovation . At that time , China ' s global commodity production country , technology importing country will change to the new technology exporting country and the commodity importing country .

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F832.6;F279.2

【参考文献】