理性概念在西方哲学史上的演变发展

发布时间：2018-05-15 02:16

本文选题：理性 + 西方哲学史　；参考：《延安大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在近代西方哲学思想中,理性概念占据了核心位置。自由主义和科学精神等许多促成了现代社会的基本理念,全是依靠理性的支持而树立。理性概念自身也经历了一个复杂的发展与演变过程,从古希腊神的自然理性,到中世纪的神学理性,再到近代哲学的人类理性,并因此促成西方近现代社会进程的独有特征。提起西方哲学,人们自然就会想到“理性”一词,但是“理性”在西方哲学史上却并不是一个一成不变的概念,而有其产生、演变和发展的历程。因此,鉴于“理性”并不是一个教条、僵化的概念,同时也鉴于西方哲学不同历史阶段上的理性概念的差别其实反映不同的时代精神,我们认为有必要按照马克思逻辑与历史相一致的原则,具体地阐明“理性”概念在西方哲学上产生、演变和发展的历史过程,从中揭示“理性”之作为“活的灵魂”的生命力所在。本篇论文将从五大部分对理性的概念产生、演变与发展进行论述。第一部分是古希腊哲学中的自然理性,本部分主要论述了古希腊的自然哲学的产生和发展,古希腊的哲学家们起初通过对自然的探索,来为人们生存坏境和社会确立一个合理的依据,所以可以说,古希腊的自然哲学它是理性概念发展的基础,为人类更好的认识自然万物打开理性之光。第二部分是近代哲学中的人类理性,本部分主要论述,在近代社会发展的大背景下,人们对自然对理性的认识随着科学技术的发展得到了进一步提升。人类理性罢黜了神学理性,把人确立为理性的主体。从此,理性从外化为自然理性和神学理性的迷途中返回到人,返回到真正的归宿,成为了人的本质能力或本质力量。因此,理性在人的自我意识那里达到了真正的自觉,开启了旨在启蒙的科学民主的理性时代,从而从根本上奠定了现代工业文明的思想基础。第三部分是近代哲学中的人类理性,本部分主要论述,在近代社会发展的大背景下,人们对自然对理性的认识随着科学技术的发展得到了进一步提升。人类理性罢黜了神学理性,把人确立为理性的主体。从此,理性从外化为自然理性和神学理性的迷途中返回到人,返回到真正的归宿,成为了人的本质能力或本质力量。因此,理性在人的自我意识那里达到了真正的自觉,开启了旨在启蒙的科学民主的理性时代,从而从根本上奠定了现代工业文明的思想基础。第四部分是康德哲学中的纯粹理性,康德的《纯粹理性批判》具有一定普遍的基础作用。一边它通过对知识的来源、范围以及限度的研究明确了人能认识什么和不能认识什么,也就是说它既解决了我能认识什么的问题也为解决整个人的问题指明了方向和途径;一边它通过对人的认识能力进行批判,从而多方面地理清楚了各种认识能力在认识整体中本应该具有的地位和作用。第五部分是黑格尔哲学中的思辨理性,黑格尔哲学是对康德不可知论的扬弃,他认为思维与存在是既相互对立有相互统一的关系,这一关系是以“绝对理念”为基础的。这就实现了思维与存在的彻底统一,因此,黑格尔的思辨理性完成了理性概念在西方哲学上的演变发展历程,达到了绝对理性。理性概念在西方哲学史上经历了一个漫长的演变过程,起源于古希腊的自然哲学,发展于中世纪的基督教神学理性以及近代哲学的人类理性,最终黑格尔的辩证理性完成了理性概念的演变发展历程,达到了绝对理性。在理性的推动下,产生的是一个现代性的世界。即各国各民族和各地区在政治、经济和文化等方面发生了更加密切的交流互动,同时它要求在所有行业领域中要贯彻理性精神。我们要充分地利用理性为我们社会主义现代化而服务,同时要以理性思维来指导我们全部生活。
[Abstract]:In modern western philosophy, rational concept occupies the core position. Liberalism and scientific spirit have contributed to the basic ideas of modern society, all of which depend on the support of reason. The concept of reason itself has also experienced a complex process of development and evolution, from the natural reason of the ancient Greek god to the theology of the middle ages. Sex, and then to the human reason of modern philosophy, and hence the unique characteristics of the western modern society, people will naturally think of the word "reason", but "reason" is not a constant concept in the history of western philosophy, but it has its course of emergence, evolution and development. "Sex" is not a dogma, a rigid concept, but also in view of the difference in the spirit of the times in the different historical stages of western philosophy, we think it is necessary to clarify the historical origin, evolution and development of the concept of "reason" in the western philosophy, according to the principle of Marx's logic and history. The process of history reveals the vitality of "reason" as the "living soul". This paper will discuss the emergence, evolution and development of the five parts of the concept of reason. The first part is the natural reason in ancient Greek philosophy. This part mainly discusses the emergence and development of ancient Greek natural philosophy, and the philosophy of ancient Greece. At first, through the exploration of nature, the family established a reasonable basis for the survival of the people and the society, so it can be said that the natural philosophy of ancient Greece is the basis of the development of rational concept, and it opens the light of reason for human beings to better understand the nature of nature. The second part is the human reason in the philosophy of the near generation. This part is mainly discussed in this part. In the background of the development of modern society, people's understanding of nature to reason has been further promoted with the development of science and technology. Human reason deposed theological rationality and established people as the main body of reason. From then on, reason returned to people in the lost path of natural reason and theological reason, and returned to the true destination and became a person. The third part is the human reason in modern philosophy, this part mainly discusses the development of modern society and the development of modern society. Under the big background, people's understanding of nature to reason has been further promoted with the development of science and technology. Human reason deposed theological rationality and established people as the main body of reason. From then on, reason returned to people in the lost path of natural reason and theological reason, and returned to the true destination, and became the essential ability of human beings. The fourth part is the pure reason in Kant's philosophy, and Kant's "pure reason critique" has a certain basic function. Through the study of the source, scope and limit of knowledge, it defines what people can understand and what they can't understand, that is to say, it not only solves the problem that I can understand but also points out the direction and way to solve the whole person's problem, while it criticizes people's recognition ability, so that many aspects of geography are clear. The fifth part is the speculative reason in Hagel's philosophy, Hagel's philosophy is the abandonment of Kant's Agnosticism, and he thinks that thinking and existence are mutually opposite and mutually unified. This relationship is based on "absolute concept". This is realized. As a result of the complete unity of thinking and existence, Hagel's speculative reason has completed the evolution of rational concept in western philosophy and reached absolute rationality. The concept of reason has undergone a long process of evolution in the history of western philosophy, originated from the natural philosophy of ancient Greece, and developed in the Christian theological rationality in the middle ages as well as in the middle ages. The human reason of modern philosophy, finally, the dialectical reason of Hagel completed the evolution and development of rational concept and reached absolute rationality. Under the impetus of reason, it produces a modern world. That is, all nations and regions have more closely interacted in politics, economy and culture. At the same time it demands We should carry out the rational spirit in all fields of industry. We should make full use of reason to serve our socialist modernization, and guide us to all life with rational thinking.

【学位授予单位】：延安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B5

【参考文献】