当代私塾教育中的德育问题及对策研究

发布时间：2018-07-25 12:27

【摘要】：私塾是中国古典教育最重要、最广泛的组织形式,长期以来,私塾占据中国教育组织形式的主流,从皇朝都城到偏远村落,都有私塾的身影。广泛分布的私塾,印证了中国两千余年的教育理念、组织形式、教学模式和人才培养。私塾既有传播知识,经世致用的实践追求,亦有成圣成贤,澄心立命的德育旨归。自孔子杏坛讲学开始,中国私塾把儒家为仁由己、浩然之气、大学明德、孝悌廉耻的德育理念视作教学根本,并围绕此建立知识体系,实现培养士人品格,达到修齐治平的终极旨归,但也助长了摧残人性、泯灭人欲的阴暗面。随着民国建立,新式教育逐渐取代私塾,特别是新中国建立之后,私塾在中国几乎处于绝迹状态。在改革开放的新时代和市场经济进一步推进的今天,当代私塾渐成浪潮。当代私塾既有古代私塾的德育价值向度,即追寻追随古风,以中国传统道德理论,重拾当代人的道德信仰,又有盲目接受传统思想的消极方面,与当代西方糟粕思潮妥协,有德育质量鱼龙混杂的隐忧。笔者对当代私塾的问题原因进行了深层探索,并提出了五点行之有效的解决措施,以期为匡正当代私塾德育问题作出有益的尝试,推动当代中国德育事业,共筑中国梦。本文第一部分,笔者详细考据了中国古代私塾的历史沿革,指出私塾发展中涉及的主要人物及其代表观点,并从正反两方面详细论述了古代私塾道德教育的辩证价值,尝试以古代私塾教学特点和基本教学方法为剖点,将古代私塾出现的德育问题归类分析。本部分的讨论从历史的维度将当代私塾的背景进行深刻挖掘,为后续讨论提供了历史思维框架。本文第二部分,笔者从政治、经济、文化、教育和国际五方面分析了当代私塾出现的时代背景和逻辑必然性,尝试以主体分析法为基础切点,从学生、家长、塾师、私塾机构的经营等方面崖略当代私塾的特点。出现原因和特点的分析可以概观当代私塾的一般情况,得出当代私塾的普适性定位,为下一步探讨提供基础。本文第三部分,笔者具体分析了当代私塾德育存在的五点问题,指出存在历史渊源、课程欠缺、商业冲击、塾师素养、缺乏实践导向的五维建构盲区,并指出历史、学校、社会、塾师、理念的五向度原因,一一指出问题的深层次根源,做到靶向分析。本文第四部分,笔者针对之前的批判和解构性分析,指出了当代私塾德育发展完善的五条路径,指出要在区分传统精华与糟粕、把握全面培养的基本取向、协调商业与人文、培养高素质塾师队伍、重视道德实践训练的基础上,将当代私塾推动发展到新的高平台,成为当代中国教育体系的重要补充。当代私塾既有历史厚重的传承与积淀,又有时代风潮的契机与责任,必须去伪存真,创设正确的发展对策和路径,走出理论和实践的迷阵,从而实现当代私塾的健康发展,承担其应有的时代使命。
[Abstract]:Private school is the most important and extensive organization form of Chinese classical education. For a long time, private school has occupied the mainstream of educational organization in China, from the capital of the imperial dynasty to the remote villages. The widely distributed private schools have confirmed China's educational concept, organizational form, teaching model and talent training for more than two thousand years. Private schools not only spread knowledge, practical pursuit of the world, but also the moral purpose of becoming saints and saints. Since Confucius' almond altar lecture, Chinese private schools have regarded Confucianism as a moral education principle of benevolence, virtue, filial piety and moral integrity as the basis of teaching, and has built up a knowledge system around it so as to realize the cultivation of the character of the scholars. To achieve the ultimate goal, but also contributed to the destruction of human nature, devoid of the dark side of human desire. With the founding of the Republic of China, modern education gradually replaced private schools, especially after the establishment of New China, private schools almost disappeared in China. In the new era of reform and opening to the outside world and the further promotion of the market economy today, contemporary private schools gradually become a wave. Contemporary private schools have not only the value of moral education of ancient private schools, but also the negative aspects of blindly accepting the traditional ideas, that is, to follow the ancient style, to regain the moral beliefs of contemporary people with the Chinese traditional moral theory, and to compromise with the dross thoughts of the contemporary West. There are hidden worries about the quality of moral education. The author probes deeply into the causes of the problems of contemporary private schools and puts forward five effective measures to solve them in order to make a beneficial attempt for rectifying the problems of moral education in contemporary private schools and to promote the cause of moral education in contemporary China and build Chinese Dream altogether. In the first part of this paper, the author makes a detailed study of the historical evolution of private schools in ancient China, points out the main figures involved in the development of private schools and their representative views, and discusses in detail the dialectical value of moral education in ancient private schools from both positive and negative aspects. Based on the teaching characteristics and basic teaching methods of ancient private schools, this paper classifies and analyzes the problems of moral education in ancient private schools. The discussion in this part excavates the background of contemporary private schools from the perspective of history and provides a historical thinking framework for further discussion. In the second part of this paper, the author analyzes the background and logical inevitability of the emergence of contemporary private schools from the political, economic, cultural, educational and international aspects. Private school management and other aspects of the characteristics of contemporary private schools. The analysis of the reasons and characteristics can outline the general situation of the contemporary private schools, and obtain the general orientation of the contemporary private schools, and provide the basis for the next discussion. In the third part of this paper, the author concretely analyzes the five problems existing in the moral education of contemporary private schools, and points out that there are historical origin, lack of curriculum, business impact, teachers' accomplishment, lack of practice-oriented five-dimensional construction blind zone, and the history, school, etc. The five-dimensional reason of the society, teacher and idea, point out the deep root of the problem one by one, and achieve the target analysis. In the fourth part of this paper, the author points out five ways to perfect the moral education of contemporary private schools in the light of the previous critical and deconstruction analysis, and points out that we should distinguish the traditional essence from the dross, grasp the basic orientation of all-round cultivation, and coordinate business and humanities. On the basis of cultivating high quality teachers and paying attention to the training of moral practice, the contemporary private schools are promoted to a new high platform, which is an important supplement to the contemporary Chinese educational system. Contemporary private schools not only have a heavy historical heritage and accumulation, but also have the opportunity and responsibility of the times. We must identify false things, retain the real things, create correct development strategies and paths, and go out of the confusion of theory and practice, so as to realize the healthy development of contemporary private schools. Undertake its due mission of the times.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G629.299

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