城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨研究

发布时间：2018-08-28 09:35

【摘要】：长期以来,由于城乡二元经济与社会结构的制度安排,而附加身份限定的城乡迥异相互隔离的养老保险制度,不仅导致城乡居民在养老保险方面的差距越来越大,而且有悖于深化改革发展的要求和我国公民应等享有基本养老保险的宪法精神。随着城镇化、工业化加速推进所引发的经济社会结构的变化,我国农村地区原有的家庭养老、土地养老为主的保障方式弱化趋势已不可逆转,农村养老问题已成为现实的社会问题,呈现出迫切的现实需求。进入新世纪后,在中央提出统筹城乡发展战略的背景下,围绕实现城乡基本公共服务均等化的目标,我国农村基本养老保险的建立开始起步,随着2009年“新农保”的试点,一直以来被排斥在正规养老保险制度之外的农村居民被正式纳入到了社会养老保险制度内。但是不仅我国农村居民的养老保险仍处于非常低的水平,而且我国整体养老保险制度仍存在“碎片化”的多轨制问题,现行农村居民基本养老保险本身的制度缺陷、较低的待遇水平以及与城镇养老保险制度之间的巨大差异,凸显的养老保险制度城乡二元双规制的潜在风险内在的要求推进城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨。为此2014年中央做出了将新农保与城居保进行并轨建立全国统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度的重大决定,对于打破城乡养老保险二元差异和在养老保险制度上体现城乡居民的公平性方面无疑具有重大的现实意义。但是,我们也必须清醒的认识到,当前的城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨,仅仅是我国基本养老保险制度城乡一体化进程的起点,仍然是低水平、低层次的并轨。社会基本养老保险制度作为国家面向全体国民制定和实施的具有普惠性性质、经济福利性质的一种制度安排,其天然的要求在政治、经济、社会等各个方面公民具有平等权利,要不因任何职业、区域、性别、收入等而有所区别或差异,而世界各国养老保险制度发展的普遍规律也表明实现养老保险全国范围的统一是必然趋势,因此,推进城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨由低水平向高水平、由低层次向高层次迈进不仅具有强烈的内在需求,而且也是基本养老保险制度天然公平性的基本要求。就我国当前的现实情况而言,推进我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度向高水平并轨迈进仍然面临着一系列的问题和调整需要破解,仍然需要进行深度的理论与政策研究。因此,在我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度正在发生深刻变化的当下,基于我国农村社会养老保险在统筹城乡发展背景下呈现的系列新情况、新特点,立足我国老龄化急剧发展的基本态势,从破解我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨的障碍入手,以“城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨研究”作为研究命题,从破解城乡“二元”结构和推进城乡一体化发展角度来创新推动我国城乡居民基本养老保险并轨,对于丰富与发展具有中国特色的统筹城乡发展理论和农村社会养老保险理论无疑具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文研究的重点主要包括以下几个方面：首先,重点运用社会公平理论、公共产品理论和制度变迁理论分析我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨的必然性。其次,全面描述了我国现行农村社会养老保险即“新农保”制度的实施概况、成效、缺陷和风险等,并以四川为例对“新农保”的保障水平进行了科学测算,进而对城乡居民基本养老保险制度之间的差异进行了深度分析。同时,以四川富顺县为例,在问卷调查的基础上,对当前农村居民基本养老保险的需求进行了实证分析。再次,在介绍国外基本养老保险制度运作模式的基础上,总结了国外养老保险制度对推进我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨的经验启示。然后,对当前我国正在推进的城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨所面临的碎片化制度特征、不公平待遇保障、弱持续性社保资金、非系统性统筹管理、滞后化养老保险立法等障碍和难题进行了重点剖析。最后,从统筹城乡改革发展的角度,围绕横向制度并轨、纵向全国统筹、基金补充制度创新等,创新性的提出我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度并轨的路径选择,进而在形成本文研究基本结论的基础上提出了相关的配套政策建议。总体上看,本文重点从城乡结构快速变化的视角来审视城乡居民基本养老保险制度现状与并轨的调整,同时从统筹城乡改革发展中资源要素配置的角度出发来提出并轨的创新性路径,在研究视角和研究方法上具有一定的创新性。
[Abstract]:For a long time, due to the institutional arrangement of dual economic and social structure between urban and rural areas, and the different and isolated endowment insurance system between urban and rural areas with additional status restrictions, the gap between urban and rural residents in endowment insurance has become wider and wider, and it is contrary to the requirement of deepening reform and development and the constitution that Chinese citizens should enjoy basic endowment insurance. With the change of economic and social structure caused by urbanization and the acceleration of industrialization, the weakening trend of the old-age security based on land in rural areas is irreversible. The old-age security in rural areas has become a realistic social problem and presents an urgent practical demand. Under the background of balancing urban and rural development strategy and centering on the goal of equalization of basic public services between urban and rural areas, the establishment of basic old-age insurance in rural areas in China has begun. With the trial of "new rural insurance" in 2009, rural residents who have been excluded from the formal old-age insurance system have been formally incorporated into the social old-age insurance system. But not only is the endowment insurance for rural residents still at a very low level in China, but there is still a problem of "fragmentation" in the overall endowment insurance system in China. The system defects of the basic endowment insurance for rural residents, the low level of treatment and the huge differences between the urban endowment insurance system and the rural endowment insurance system are highlighted. The potential risk inherent in the dual regulation of urban and rural endowment insurance system promotes the integration of urban and rural residents'basic endowment insurance system. Therefore, in 2014, the central government made a major decision to establish a unified national basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents by combining new rural insurance with urban residential insurance, which will break the dual difference between urban and rural endowment insurance. It is undoubtedly of great practical significance to embody the fairness of urban and rural residents in the endowment insurance system. However, we must also be soberly aware that the merger of the basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents is only the starting point of the process of urban-rural integration of the basic endowment insurance system in China, and is still a low-level, low-level merger. Social basic endowment insurance system is a kind of institutional arrangement with the nature of universal benefit and economic welfare, which is formulated and implemented by the state for all citizens. Naturally, it requires citizens to have equal rights in politics, economy, society and other aspects. It should not be different or different because of any occupation, region, sex, income and so on. The general law of the development of endowment insurance system in various countries also shows that it is an inevitable trend to realize the unification of endowment insurance nationwide. Therefore, it is not only a strong internal demand, but also a natural trend to promote the integration of basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents from low level to high level and from low level to high level. The basic requirement of fairness. As far as the current situation is concerned, there are still a series of problems and adjustment needs to be solved to advance the basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents to a high level. Therefore, the basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents in China is developing. At the present time of profound changes, based on a series of new situations and new characteristics of China's rural social endowment insurance under the background of balancing urban and rural development, and based on the basic situation of rapid development of China's aging, this paper begins with breaking down the obstacles to the integration of China's urban and rural basic endowment insurance system, and studies the integration of urban and rural basic endowment insurance system. As a research proposition, it is undoubtedly of great theoretical and practical significance for enriching and developing the theory of balancing urban and rural development with Chinese characteristics and the theory of rural social endowment insurance to innovatively promote the integration of urban and rural residents'basic endowment insurance from the perspective of breaking the "dual" structure of urban and rural areas and promoting the integration of urban and rural areas. The main points of this paper are as follows: Firstly, the paper analyzes the inevitability of the merger of the basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents in China by using social equity theory, public goods theory and institutional change theory. Secondly, it describes the general situation and effectiveness of the implementation of the current rural social old-age insurance system, namely the new rural social insurance system. Taking Sichuan as an example, this paper scientifically calculates the guarantee level of the "new rural insurance" and makes a deep analysis of the differences between the basic old-age insurance system of urban and rural residents. Thirdly, on the basis of introducing the operation mode of foreign basic endowment insurance system, this paper summarizes the experience and Enlightenment of foreign endowment insurance system on promoting the integration of basic endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents in China. Finally, from the perspective of balancing urban and rural reform and development, around the horizontal system integration, vertical national overall planning, fund supplementary system innovation, and so on, innovative proposals for the basic urban and rural residents in China are put forward. On the basis of forming the basic conclusions of this study, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions. Generally speaking, this paper focuses on examining the status quo of the basic pension insurance system for urban and rural residents and its adjustment from the perspective of rapid changes in urban and rural structure. At the same time, it also makes a comprehensive plan for urban and rural reform and development of Chinese capital. From the point of view of source factor allocation, this paper puts forward the innovative path of merging, which is innovative in the research perspective and research methods.
【学位授予单位】：四川农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F842.67

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