明清北京城墙的布局与构成研究及城垣复原

发布时间：2018-09-05 09:28

【摘要】：论文主要以明清北京城墙为研究对象,对其布局、构成进行研究。在此基础上,以上世纪20—50年代留下的关于北京城墙的多套测绘资料为依据,对北京城墙的城垣进行可视化复原。同时,利用复原图纸、模型、老照片校正数据,以此为基础,建立明清北京城垣系统的数据库。明清北京城墙的布局研究,主要是在详细梳理城墙历史沿革后,对内、外城各段城垣的布局及其影响因素做系统总结,认为内、外城布局的影响因素主要为军事、礼制、政治、经济、地质地貌、宗教文化、现实条件等方面。城门的布局研究上,主要以《考工记》中匠人营国所记载的“旁三门”制度为出发点,研究中国古代城市城门布局中对“旁三门”的理解与应用;同时在前辈学者对北京内城九门的研究基础上,以民间传说中“三头六臂两足”的结构来理解北京城门的整体布局特征。城门的类型研究中,以瓮城形态不同将城门区分为两类:直角瓮城城门、弧角瓮城城门。同时,以明清北京城门中为什么仅东直门、西直门是直门为问题切入点,发现了北宋东京城、金中都、元大都城门布局的一个重要特征:正门为直门、偏门为弧门。这个特征符合中国传统的“正直文化”,推测可能是一定历史时期中国古代(都城)城门布局的规制。明清北京城墙的构成研究,从构成的要素、构成材料、构成技术、结构构造等角度,对北京城墙作拆解性局部研究。北京城墙的构成要素可分为城垣、护城河、城台、城楼、瓮城、箭楼、闸楼、敌台、角台、角楼、马道,水关等其它附属建筑,各个部分相互联系,构成一整套严密的防御系统。北京城墙的构成材料主要是土、砖、石、木,采用版筑夯土、砌砖、发券的技术建造城垣。传统的土木结构建筑,按照城墙的防御功能需要,分布于城垣上。在结构构造的研究中,以拆城墙时记载的豁口断面数据,研究内、外城城垣的构成特征,同时对城墙的历史沿革起到佐证的作用。对明清北京城垣的研究性复原,主要目的在于将大量的数据,以可视化的方式进行整理校对,剔除错误数据,为消失的北京城墙留下更为可靠的信息资料。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the layout and composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties. On this basis, the visual restoration of the walls of Beijing is carried out on the basis of many sets of surveying and mapping data about the walls of Beijing left in the 1920s and 1950s. At the same time, the database of Beijing City Wall system in Ming and Qing dynasties was established based on the data of restoration drawings, models and old photos. The research on the layout of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly after combing the historical evolution of the city wall in detail, systematically summarizes the layout of the walls inside and outside the city and its influencing factors. It is believed that the influential factors of the layout of the inner and outer city are mainly military, ritual and political. Economy, geology and geomorphology, religion culture, realistic condition and so on. In the study of the layout of the city gate, the author mainly studies the understanding and application of the "three doors" in the layout of the ancient Chinese city gates from the system recorded by the craftsmen and the country of the craftsmen. At the same time, on the basis of the previous scholars' research on the nine doors of the inner city of Beijing, the overall layout characteristics of the Beijing gate are understood by the structure of "three heads, six arms and two feet" in folklore. In the study of the types of Chengmen, the city gate is divided into two categories: right angle vat city gate and arc angle urn city gate. At the same time, taking Dongzhimen as the only Dongzhimen in the Beijing gate in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Xizhimen as the breakthrough point of the problem, the author finds an important characteristic of the layout of the capital city in the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Zhongdu and Yuan Dadu: the main gate is the straight gate, and the deviated door is the arc gate. This feature accords with the traditional "culture of integrity" in China, and suggests that it may be the regulation of the city gate layout in ancient China in a certain historical period. The research on the composition of the wall of Beijing in Ming and Qing dynasties is a partial study on the dismantling of the wall of Beijing from the aspects of the elements, materials, technology and structure of the city wall. The constituent elements of the wall of Beijing can be divided into city walls, moats, city platforms, city towers, urn cities, archery towers, sluice towers, enemy towers, corner towers, horses' roads, waterways, and other ancillary buildings, each of which is connected to each other. Constitute a complete set of strict defense systems. The building materials of the wall of Beijing are mainly earth, brick, stone and wood. Traditional civil structures, according to the defense function of the wall, distributed on the wall. In the study of structural structure, the structural characteristics of the inner and outer city walls are studied by using the data of the gouge section recorded when the walls are broken down, and the historical evolution of the walls is proved at the same time. The main purpose of the research restoration of the Beijing city walls in the Ming and Qing dynasties is to collate and proofread a large number of data in a visual way, to eliminate the wrong data, and to leave more reliable information for the disappeared walls of Beijing.
【学位授予单位】：北京建筑大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU-098.1

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