公用企业强制缔约制度研究

发布时间：2018-09-09 14:50

【摘要】：在通常的情况下，依据合同自由原则，民事主体享有缔约自由，即享有是否订立契约的自由以及选择相对人的自由。然而，自19世纪晚期进入垄断资本主义阶段以后，缔约自由遭到了严峻的挑战。在供水、供电、供气、供暖、邮政通信、公共交通运输等关系社会公众生存和生活必需品的领域，由于供给者通常是占据市场支配地位的公用企业，，如果任由这些企业享有缔约自由，则交易相对人的缔约自由就会受到极大的限制。如果任其发展而不加以干预，不仅社会公众的生存和生活条件难以保障，而且平等的竞争环境就会不复存在，社会稳定和市场经济将会难以为继。在此背景下，为确保私法自治，避免其形同虚设，对公用企业施加强制缔约义务就成为立法上的必然选择。包括我国在内的许多国家和地区纷纷在立法上规确立了公用企业强制缔约制度。本文通过研究国内外公用企业强制缔约制度的理论成果和立法现状，对完善我国公用企业强制缔约制度提出建议。引言和结语除外，本文共分为四个部分：第一部分，主要介绍强制缔约的一般原理。首先对强制缔约进行界定，分析强制缔约的概念及其与格式合同和命令合同的区别；其次对强制缔约的分类进行介绍，依据不同的观点，强制缔约有三种不同的分类：绝对强制缔约与相对强制缔约、直接强制缔约与间接强制缔约和公法上的强制缔约与私法上的强制缔约。第二部分，对国外公用企业强制缔约制度进行比较分析。俄罗斯通过民法典直接确立公用企业强制缔约制度、德国利用法律解释确立公用企业间接强制缔约制度以及美国通过判例建立公用企业强制缔约制度，通过比较分析，从中发现对我国的借鉴意义。第三部分，主要介绍我国公用企业强制缔约制度的现状和不足。首先，对公用企业的概念进行介绍，分析它的含义和特征；其次，分析公用企业强制缔约制度的起因，主要包括政府职能的要求、契约正义的要求、特定政治经济目的的要求和企业社会责任的要求；接着，分析公用企业强制缔约制度的性质，明确其具有民法属性；然后，通过列举相关的法律规定，介绍我国公用企业强制缔约制度；最后，总结我国公用企业强制缔约制度的不足，具体来说包括缺乏原则性规定、适用范围过窄、抗辩事由不明确和民事责任规范缺失四个方面的问题。第四部分，主要就如何完善我国公用企业强制缔约制度提出建议。具体措施包括出台原则性规定、扩大适用范围、明确抗辩事由、健全民事责任；其中抗辩事由主要包括当事人具有缔约相对人的可选择性，缔约要求违反法律或者公序良俗和不可抗力；健全民事责任主要指明确民事责任的性质、承担方式以及适用方式。
[Abstract]:In general, according to the principle of freedom of contract, civil subjects enjoy the freedom to conclude contracts, that is, the freedom to conclude contracts or not and the freedom to choose their counterparts. Transportation and other fields which are closely related to the survival and necessities of the public, because the supplier is usually a public enterprise occupying a dominant position in the market, if these enterprises are allowed to enjoy the freedom of contracting, the contracting freedom of the counterpart of the transaction will be greatly restricted. If they are allowed to develop without intervention, not only the survival and survival of the public will be restricted. In order to ensure the autonomy of private law and avoid its nothingness, it is an inevitable choice to impose compulsory contracting obligations on public enterprises. The mandatory contracting system of public enterprises is established in legislation.
By studying the theoretical results and legislative status of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises at home and abroad, this paper puts forward some suggestions for perfecting the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China.
The first part mainly introduces the general principles of compulsory contracting. Firstly, it defines compulsory contracting, analyzes the concept of compulsory contracting and the difference between compulsory contracting and format contract and order contract. Secondly, it introduces the classification of compulsory contracting. According to different viewpoints, compulsory contracting has three different classifications: absolute compulsory contracting and relative compulsory contracting. Contracting, direct and indirect compulsory contracting, compulsory contracting in public law and compulsory contracting in private law.
The second part makes a comparative analysis of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in foreign countries. Russia directly establishes the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through the civil code, Germany establishes the indirect compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through legal interpretation, and the United States establishes the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises through precedents. The reference significance of our country.
The third part mainly introduces the current situation and shortcomings of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China. First, it introduces the concept of public enterprises, analyzes its meaning and characteristics; secondly, it analyzes the causes of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises, including the requirements of government functions, the requirements of contract justice, the requirements of specific political and economic purposes and Secondly, it analyzes the nature of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises, and clarifies its civil law nature. Secondly, it introduces the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China by enumerating relevant legal provisions. Finally, it summarizes the deficiencies of the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in China, including the lack of principled provisions. The scope of application is too narrow, the reasons for defense are not clear and the civil liability standard is missing from four aspects.
The fourth part mainly puts forward some suggestions on how to perfect the compulsory contracting system of public enterprises in our country.The concrete measures include introducing principled provisions, enlarging the scope of application, clarifying the reasons for defense and improving civil liability. Customary and force majeure; sound civil liability mainly refers to the clear nature of civil liability, the way to assume and the mode of application.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D923.6;D923

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