大型客机应急撤离仿真及参数影响性分析

发布时间：2018-06-02 07:58

本文选题：飞机客舱 + 应急撤离　；参考：《中国民航大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：飞机客舱的应急撤离是指飞机发生事故后客舱内人员逃生的过程,是影响客舱安全的关键因素。适航法规中明确要求使用演示试验表明飞机应急撤离能力的符合性,但演示试验耗时久、费用高、参试人员极易受伤,并且演示试验无法模拟飞机真实的事故状态。近年来,使用仿真方法研究客舱构型下人员的应急撤离模拟已经成为一种重要手段。但目前微观人员撤离模型还不完善,缺乏人员撤离行为的实际数据,应急撤离仿真模型的验证问题至今未得到较好的解决。本文通过实验和仿真,采集人员撤离行为数据,并对改进社会力模型进行了验证和参数标定,为飞机客舱人员应急撤离研究和客舱布局设计提供参考。本文开展两种不同撤离模式(即合作和竞争模式)和五种不同主过道宽度下的应急撤离研究性实验。通过仔细观察并分析实验录像,统计了与人员初始位置所对应的个体撤离时间、平均撤离速度等,并发现了“性别差异”、“行人流分层”等现象。在竞争模式下,从微观人员撤离特征的角度研究了主过道宽度对撤离效率的影响,人员撤离过程中形成的行人流层这种自组织行为,使在单层人员流的宽度时,总撤离时间无太大变化;随着宽度的增加,出现了两个行人流层后,人员撤离效率提高,但人员受到的横向阻碍力急剧增大,导致两个行人流层整体速度减小。同时,通过观测实验发现竞争模式下,当主过道宽度增大至0.63米后,撤离群体多次出现了危险临界状态。这些实验结论为仿真参数标定和模型验证提供了依据。通过研究社会力模型的发展现状和应用趋势,针对飞机客舱人员应急撤离过程的特点,构建了基于改进社会力的飞机客舱人员应急撤离仿真模型。本文对模型内人员对障碍物心理排斥力进行了改进,在社会力模型心理排斥力的确定中引入调节变量,经对比仿真和局部实验结果,发现调节变量应该在0.45-0.5之间,考虑满足实验人员撤离特征,则调节变量为0.454时,模拟的效果较好;验证了改进的社会力模型。利用国外应急撤离实验统计的实验数据,模拟了加拿大运输局研究性应急撤离实验,对比实验结果发现,仿真获得的撤离时间均值与实验结果吻合性较好,验证了模型的适用性和合理性;模拟本文中的竞争型实验,通过对比分析实验数据及现象,验证了仿真模型的有效性。最后,基于改进后的仿真模型,本文开展了参数影响性研究并预测民机应急撤离演示试验时间。通过对不同主过道宽度的模拟得到的结果表明,随着主过道宽度的增加,总撤离时间平均值减少。主过道宽度对应撤离时间的影响是具有显著性的;针对某民机客舱高密度构型,对未来应急撤离适航审定中可能采取的同一侧出口配置开展仿真研究,通过仿真结果分析,给出全尺寸应急撤离演示试验预测时间。
[Abstract]:Emergency evacuation of aircraft cabin refers to the process of flight cabin personnel escape after an accident, which is the key factor affecting cabin safety. In the airworthiness regulations, it is clearly required to use demonstration test to show the conformance of aircraft emergency evacuation ability, but the demonstration test takes a long time, high cost, and the participants are easily injured, and the demonstration test can not simulate the real accident state of the aircraft. In recent years, it has become an important means to study the emergency evacuation simulation under cabin configuration. However, the microscopic evacuation model is not perfect, the actual data of evacuation behavior is lacking, and the verification of emergency evacuation simulation model has not been solved. Through experiment and simulation, the data of personnel evacuation behavior are collected, and the improved social force model is validated and calibrated, which provides a reference for the study of emergency evacuation of aircraft cabin personnel and the design of cabin layout. In this paper, two different evacuation modes (cooperation and competition) and five kinds of emergency evacuation experiments with different main corridor widths are carried out. Through careful observation and analysis of the experimental video, the individual evacuation time and average evacuation speed corresponding to the initial location of the personnel were counted, and the phenomena of "gender difference" and "stratification of pedestrian flow" were found. In the competitive mode, the influence of the width of the main corridor on evacuation efficiency is studied from the point of view of microcosmic evacuation characteristics. The pedestrian flow layer formed during the evacuation process is self-organized behavior, so that when the width of the single-layer flow is obtained, With the increase of width, the evacuation efficiency of the two pedestrian layers is improved, but the lateral hindrance increases sharply, which results in the decrease of the overall velocity of the two pedestrian layers. At the same time, it is found that when the width of the main aisle increases to 0.63 m in the competitive mode, the evacuation population appears dangerous critical state many times. These experimental results provide a basis for the calibration of simulation parameters and model verification. According to the characteristics of emergency evacuation process of aircraft cabin personnel, the simulation model of aircraft cabin personnel emergency evacuation based on improved social force is constructed by studying the development status and application trend of social force model. In this paper, the repulsive force of obstacle is improved, and the adjusting variable is introduced into the determination of the psychological repulsion force of the social force model. By comparing the simulation results with the local experimental results, it is found that the adjusting variable should be between 0.45-0.5. When the adjusting variable is 0.454, the simulation results are good, and the improved social force model is verified. Based on the experimental data of foreign emergency evacuation experiments, the research emergency evacuation experiments of Canada Transportation Bureau are simulated. The results show that the average evacuation time obtained by simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results. The applicability and rationality of the model are verified, and the validity of the simulation model is verified by comparing and analyzing the experimental data and phenomena. Finally, based on the improved simulation model, the influence of parameters is studied and the demonstration test time of civil aircraft emergency evacuation is predicted. The simulation results of different main aisle widths show that the average evacuation time decreases with the increase of the main corridor width. The influence of the width of the main corridor on evacuation time is significant. Aiming at the high-density configuration of a certain civil aircraft cabin, the simulation study on the same side exit configuration that may be adopted in the future airworthiness test of emergency evacuation is carried out, and the simulation results are analyzed. The prediction time of full scale emergency evacuation demonstration test is given.
【学位授予单位】：中国民航大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：V328

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