特大型煤矿区道路时空演变及其对景观破碎化的影响

发布时间：2018-04-06 23:13

本文选题：平朔矿区　切入点：道路　出处：《中国地质大学(北京)》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：道路作为镶嵌于景观中的线状廊道为生态系统能量、物质传输,动植物移动提供通道,对生态系统的稳定、生物的多样性有积极作用。但随着社会、经济发展,人们不断的新建道路,道路不断深入景观,道路的分布、演变、道路密度的变化使景观受到干扰变得破碎、景观类型减少、消失,而这些景观格局的变化可能会影响到生态系统的功能,从而导致部分动植物减少、干扰动植物的移动格局,甚至演变为对生境和种群的破碎化。作为特殊区域,平朔矿区道路类型多样,而道路随时间分布、密度的变化又使得矿区道路对景观作用机制更趋于复杂。本文通过影像和实地调查提取平朔矿区道路网,根据道路生态学相关研究理论利用GIS叠置分析法、缓存区分析法、核密度分析法、景观指数法等对平朔矿区道路时空演变,不同道路周围景观类型及其对景观破碎化,不同道路密度下路网演变、周围景观类型及景观格局的变化情况进行分析并结合研究区实际情况实地调研找出变化原因,同时结合研究结果参考景观生态功能模型对不同类型道路及不同阶段道路优化提出建议。结果表明:(1) 1996年前道路类型、数量均增加,但不变道路最多。随着时间变化,频繁的工矿道路增加、灭失使得研究区道路变化波动增大。(2)在一定影响域,随着时间变化对景观破碎化影响变为:县乡道路省道工矿道路铁路高速城镇道路。(3)县乡、省道、高速道路对景观破碎化影响的影响域距离阈值为1000m,铁路为1500m,城镇道路小于500m。特别的,工矿道路破碎化影响随距离增加一直增大,影响到研究区外更大区域。(4)随时间变化研究区各等级道路密度均增加,高核道路密度由1个增到7个且分布广,最高密度分布由原来分布于耕地、城镇用地变为城镇、工矿用地。随着道路密度增加,矿区景观破碎化程度增大,而当工矿道路道路密度为5.19km/km2时景观破碎度却降低。道路密度为3等级景观形状指数最大,道路密度为7等级时景观多样性最大。不同于相关研究结果道路密度越大各景观指数越大规律。(5)道路优化除了考虑随时间变化下,道路分布及其道路密度变化对原地貌和采矿生产区道路周围景观破碎化影响,同时也要考虑研究区不同发展阶段及不同发展阶段不同区域道路优化的不同措施建议,使得研究区道路优化能更具针对性和实际操作性。
[Abstract]:As a linear corridor embedded in the landscape, the road provides channels for ecosystem energy, material transfer, animal and plant movement, and plays a positive role in ecosystem stability and biological diversity.But with the development of society and economy, people build new roads, the roads go deep into the landscape, the distribution of roads, the evolution of roads, the change of road density makes the landscape become fragmented, the types of landscape decrease and disappear.The changes of these landscape patterns may affect the function of ecosystem, resulting in the decrease of some animals and plants, interfere with the moving pattern of animals and plants, and even degenerate into the fragmentation of habitats and populations.As a special area, there are many types of roads in Pingshuo mining area, and the change of road density with time makes the mechanism of road action on landscape more complex.In this paper, the road network of Pingshuo mining area is extracted by image and field investigation. According to the relevant research theory of road ecology, the temporal and spatial evolution of Pingshuo mining area is analyzed by GIS overlay analysis, buffer area analysis, kernel density analysis, landscape index method, etc.Different road surrounding landscape types and their fragmentation, road network evolution under different road density, surrounding landscape types and landscape pattern changes were analyzed, and combined with the actual situation of the study area to find out the reasons for the change.At the same time, based on the results of the study, some suggestions on the optimization of different types of roads and different stages of roads are put forward with reference to the landscape ecological function model.The results showed that the number of roads increased before 1996, but the number of the same roads was the most.With the change of time, the frequent industrial and mining roads increase, and the loss of the roads increases the fluctuation of the roads in the study area.With the change of time, the influence on landscape fragmentation becomes: County and township roads, provincial roads, industrial and mining roads, high speed cities, towns, cities and towns. The threshold of distance between county and township, provincial roads and high speed roads on landscape fragmentation is 1000m, 1500m for railways, and less than 500m for urban roads.In particular, the impact of road fragmentation on industrial and mining roads increases continuously with the increase of distance, affecting a larger area outside the study area. The density of each grade of roads in the study area increases with time, and the density of high nuclear roads increases from 1 to 7 and is widely distributed.Maximum density distribution from the original distribution of arable land, urban land into towns, industrial and mining land.With the increase of road density, the degree of landscape fragmentation increases, but when the road density is 5.19km/km2, the degree of landscape fragmentation decreases.The landscape shape index was the largest when the road density was 3 grade, and the landscape diversity was the biggest when the road density was 7 grade.In addition to considering the change of road distribution and road density over time, the road distribution and the changes of road density affect the landscape fragmentation around the roads in the original geomorphology and mining production areas.At the same time, it is necessary to consider the different measures of road optimization in different development stages and different development stages of the study area, so that the road optimization in the study area can be more targeted and practical.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学(北京)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U421.6;P901

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