城市公交站点优化与高峰时段公交客流分配模型研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 01:27

本文选题：公交站点优化 + 公交站点OD矩阵　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：随着社会的进步和经济的飞速发展，我国城市化建设的进程和汽车工业的发展也得到了有效推进。然而纵横交错的城市道路却不能很好地疏导城市交通。交通拥堵、环境污染等问题日益严重。不仅造成了时间的浪费、社会劳动力的闲置，也大大降低了人们的生活质量，影响着人们的身心健康。在可持续发展思想的指导下，发展公共交通倡导绿色出行已迫在眉睫。一方面提倡市民绿色出行，另一面也要建设符合城市需求的公共交通系统，而且显然后者更为重要。只有公共交通系统方便市民出行、具有高水平的服务质量，才能大大增加对乘客的吸引力。在公交线网规划中，能否合理地规划公共交通线路的走向，关系着公共交通能否充分发挥自身的作用。目前在进行公共交通规划时，，主要采用“四阶段模型”，即出行生成、出行分布、方式划分、客流分配，其中客流分配是十分重要的组成部分。早晚高峰时段是交通拥堵问题最突出的时段，也是居民出行对公共交通系统最依赖的时段。能否找到更为有效的模型来分配高峰时段的公交客流，直接关系着公共交通系统能否在交通问题最突出的时段发挥绿色交通的作用。其次，以往的公交分配模型中，公交客流从交通小区质心出发，导致交通小区的形状以及交通小区质心与道路网的相对位置对分配结果的影响非常大。如果能够获得公交站点间的OD矩阵，将公交站点间的OD矩阵分配到交通网络上，便可以大大降低交通小区形状以及交通小区质心位置对公交客流分配的影响，获得更为合理的客流分配结果。再次，对于公交站点规划的合理与否不仅影响着公交线路的运营还影响着公交系统对公交乘客的吸引力，所以公交站点布局的优化也是一个亟待解决的问题。为此本文依托国家自然科学基金项目“基于网络拓扑和交通拥堵分析的公交网络生成优化模型与算法研究（51378237）”，在国内外研究的基础上，基于图论、库仑定律、超网络等理论，对公交站点优化和高峰时段公交客流分配进行研究，以公交站点OD生成为切入点，分别进行了基于库仑定律的公交站点OD矩阵生成、轨道交通站间距优化模型与算法、基于超网络的常规公交站点优化模型和高峰时段公交客流分配的Logit模型改进研究。本文所完成的科研成果具体如下： 1.对公交站点间OD矩阵生成模型进行研究。首先分析了公交站点对公交客流吸引强度的特性，应用库仑定律，将公交站点类比为带电体，根据公交站点的空间分布情况，计算不同站点间引力和斥力，从而分别建立了交通小区间公交站点OD矩阵和交通小区内公交站点OD矩阵的求解模型。再分析不同公交方式站点的服务特性，引入不均衡系数对模型进行了优化。最后，对模型中的灵敏度系数进行了分析和求解。 2.对轨道交通站间距优化进行研究。首先对拟建城市规划区边界的形状进行了分析，将城市分为三种形态，并引入了城市半径来衡量城市的地域规模。根据轨道交通各级线路相关技术特性将线路分为两个类别，分别建立了基于城市规模的轨道交通平均站间距模型，并通过对灵敏度系数的分析对模型进行了求解。再根据线路途经区域能否建设站点，将线路分为可行区、交叉区和连接区，然后再根据线路途径区域的土地性质及客流量将站点分为三个等级，分析站点的理想位置是否在可行区域中，建立了逐级确定轨道交通站点位置模型。 3.对常规公交站点优化进行研究。首先将交通小区细分为源小区，并定义了连接道路和节点。再用超图表述了不同等级道路、不同规模的源小区与不同节点之间的关系。将源小区按照区域规模和人口规模各分为三个等级，再综合考虑小区的区域规模和人口规模，根据矩阵的对角相似性，将源小区规模分为五个等级。将城市道路分为四个等级，将站点分为五个等级，并对站点超图进行了子图划分。根据源小区、道路、常规公交备选站点三者超图的关系，求解不同节点的权重。最后在节点子图中逐级优化站点，并求解了较小源小区站点数的权重。 4.对高峰时段公交客流分配的Logit模型改进研究。首先对站点的拥挤程度进行了分析，并对站点滞留系数进行了定义和求解。然后从乘客出行时间函数、乘客换乘惩罚函数、线路发车间隔三个方面对Logit模型进行了改进。再根据站点拥挤情况及公交站点间有、无直达线路，将公交站点分为有直达线路的不拥挤站点、无直达线路的不拥挤站点、拥挤站点三类，分别建立Logit模型求解模型。最后通过实例，分析了参数和T f对分配结果的影响，对模型的参数ω和ωm ax进行了标定。 5.依托《白城市城市公共交通专项规划（2014-2030）》的项目成果，对本文建立的模型和算法进行实证。首先分析了白城市2030年城市总体规划和公交线网规划的概况。然后对轻轨线路站点布局和常规公交站点布局进行了优化。然后根据公交站点的优化结果，分别求解了不同交通小区内公交站点的距离矩阵，并求解了公交站点OD生成模型中站点的相关系数，将交通小区之间的OD矩阵转换为公交站点间的OD矩阵。再结合公交站点途经线路的情况，对公交站点的拥挤程度进行了判定，最后，运用改进的Logit模型进行了客流分配，并将模型的分配结果与项目的分配结果进行了对比分析。本文的研究成果可丰富公共交通规划理论体系，可为公交系统规划提供更为准确的坚实的数据支撑，同时对完善城市公共交通系统的建设也有较高的理论价值和实际意义。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the society and the rapid development of economy , the process of urbanization and the development of automobile industry have also been effectively promoted . However , the traffic jam and environmental pollution are becoming more and more serious . In the planning of public transport , it is more important to develop public transport system which accords with the city needs .

The peak period of traffic congestion is the most prominent time period of traffic jam , and it is the most important period for residents to travel to the public transport system . The effect of traffic cell shape and the relative position of traffic cell centroid and road network can be greatly reduced .

Based on the theory of network topology and traffic congestion analysis , the paper studies the bus station optimization and bus passenger flow distribution based on the theory of graph theory , Coulomb ' s law and super - network based on the national natural science fund project . Based on the theories of graph theory , Coulomb ' s law and super - network , the paper studies the bus station OD matrix generation , the rail transit station spacing optimization model and the algorithm based on the Coulomb ' s law , and improves the study of Logit model based on the conventional bus station optimization model and the peak period transit passenger flow distribution based on the super - network . The research achievements completed in this paper are as follows :

1 . The model of OD matrix generation between bus stations is studied . Firstly , the characteristics of bus station ' s attraction strength to bus passenger flow are analyzed . According to the Coulomb ' s law , the attraction and repulsive force between different sites are calculated according to the space distribution of the bus station . The model of OD matrix and OD matrix of the bus in the small traffic area is established . Finally , the sensitivity coefficients in the model are analyzed and solved .

2 . The distance optimization of urban rail transit station is studied . Firstly , the shape of the boundary of urban planning area is analyzed , and the urban radius is introduced to measure the geographical size of the city . According to the technical characteristics of the line at all levels , the model is divided into two categories , the line is divided into two categories : feasible area , intersection area and connection area , then the site can be divided into three levels according to the land property and passenger flow of the route region .

3 . Research on the optimization of regular bus station . Firstly , the traffic cell is divided into source cell , and the connection road and node are defined . The relation between source cell and different nodes of different grade roads and different scale is described by using hypergraph . The source cell is divided into five grades according to the regional scale and population size . The sub - map of the different nodes is calculated according to the relationship between the source cell , the road and the general public transport alternative site . Finally , the station is optimized in the node sub - graph and the weight of the number of the smaller source cell sites is solved .

4 . The Logit model of bus passenger flow distribution in the rush hour period is improved . Firstly , the congestion degree of the station is analyzed , and the site retention coefficient is defined and solved . Then , the Logit model is improved from three aspects : passenger travel time function , passenger transfer penalty function and line departure interval . Based on the situation of site congestion and the three types of bus stations , the Logit model is established . Finally , the influence of parameters and T f on the distribution result is analyzed . The parameters 蠅 and 蠅m ax of the model are calibrated .

5 . Based on the project results of urban public transport special planning ( 2014 - 2030 ) , the paper makes an empirical study on the model and algorithm established in this paper . First , the paper analyses the general situation of urban planning and bus network planning in the city of white city by 2030 . Then , according to the optimization results of the bus station , the distance matrix of bus stations in different traffic areas is optimized . Then , according to the bus station ' s optimization results , the congestion degree of the bus station is determined . Finally , the improved Logit model is applied to the passenger flow distribution , and the distribution result of the model is compared with the allocation result of the project .

The research results can enrich the theoretical system of public transport planning , provide more accurate data support for the planning of public transport system , and also have higher theoretical value and practical significance for improving the construction of urban public transport system .
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：U491.17

【参考文献】