漫谈矿山法隧道技术第十四讲——隧道涌水及其控制方法

发布时间：2018-06-05 05:54

本文选题：隧道 + 矿山法　；参考：《隧道建设》2017年01期

【摘要】：分析制定隧道控制地下水对策的基本观点:既要考虑隧道施工对地下水的影响,也要考虑地下水对隧道施工的影响。指出控制地下水的对策必须符合3个条件:1)确保施工作业安全、顺利地开展;2)不对周边环境产生有害的影响;3)以合理的工费和工期来实现。隧道涌水视其发生位置、涌水量、发生时期、涌水量的历时变化等是各种各样的,应对隧道涌水进行合理分类,以便有的放矢地采取相应的对策。介绍了日本统计的地质构造和涌水现象的分类。涌水处理应达到3个基本目标:1)确保隧道施工在无水的条件下进行,或者是在可以接受的渗漏水条件下进行,或者是在对周边环境"可接受干扰"的条件下进行;2)二次衬砌原则上不承受水压作用,不得已时把水压控制在二次衬砌容许的范围内;3)运营中的隧道洞内不能成为地下水流经的通道,隧道衬砌背后必须形成一个纵横交错的、不易堵塞的、通畅的排水系统。达到上述目标的基本方法是:充分利用和提高围岩的隔水性能,合理地处理好"排"与"堵"的关系。针对涌水处理的3个基本目标,分别介绍了国内外相应的经验和措施。1)一些国家的指南、标准对隧道的涌水量进行了分级,认为涌水量≤2.5 L/(min·m)时基本上可以认为是在无水条件下施工;一般的线状流水、经常涌水可以用自然排水法排水;而针对突发大量涌水,则需要采取特殊的地下水对策予以解决。2)按照二次衬砌是否承受水压,隧道可分为3种情况:1衬砌不承受水压,即所谓的完全排水型隧道;2衬砌承受全部水压,即所谓的非排水型(防水型)隧道;3衬砌背后设置注浆域,分担衬砌承受的水压,衬砌只承受部分容许的水压。从目前的隧道设计实际来看,在山岭隧道中多数采用方案1,在城市隧道中多数采用方案2,在高水压和突发大量涌水的极端情况下采用方案3。介绍了日本、美国的设计经验。3)我国铁路隧道采用把地下水引入隧道,再从洞内两侧边墙附近设置的排水沟排出地下水的做法是值得商榷的;特别是在可能发生冻害的地区,更不可取。在国外,日本、德国、法国等国家的铁路、公路隧道基本上是把中央排水管设置在仰拱内或仰拱下方,而在隧道两侧只留有用于排出流入隧道内的雨水或隧道清洗水的排水沟;因此,建议立项研究取消洞内排水沟,设置中央或两侧脚部排水管的问题。最后指出,实现涌水处理的3个基本目标我们尚需努力,特别是"目标"的定位问题,尚需进行基础性的研究才能解决。在隧道施工中,涌水是不可避免的、客观存在的现象,我们积累的经验非常丰富,但缺乏系统的、认真的总结和归纳。
[Abstract]:This paper analyzes the basic viewpoint of formulating the countermeasures for underground water control in tunnels: it is necessary to consider both the influence of tunnel construction on groundwater and the influence of groundwater on tunnel construction. It is pointed out that the countermeasures to control groundwater must conform to three conditions: 1) ensure the safety of construction operation and carry out smoothly without harmful impact on the surrounding environment. (3) be realized by reasonable work cost and time limit. There are various kinds of tunnel water gushing according to its occurrence location, water inflow, occurrence period, and diachronic variation of water inflow, which should be reasonably classified in order to take corresponding countermeasures. This paper introduces the classification of statistical geological structure and water gushing in Japan. Water gushing treatment should reach three basic objectives: 1) to ensure that tunnel construction is carried out without water, or under acceptable seepage conditions, Or under the condition of "acceptable interference" to the surrounding environment, the secondary lining principle is not subject to water pressure, It is necessary to control the water pressure within the allowable range of secondary lining (3) the tunnel in operation can not become the passage of groundwater flow, the tunnel lining must form a staggered, not easily blocked, unobstructed drainage system behind the tunnel lining. The basic method to achieve the above goal is to make full use of and improve the water insulation performance of surrounding rock, and to deal with the relationship between "discharge" and "plugging" properly. In view of the three basic targets of water gushing treatment, the corresponding experiences and measures at home and abroad are introduced respectively. The guidelines of some countries are introduced. The standard classifies the inflow of water in tunnels. It is considered that when water inflow is less than 2. 5 L/(min m), it can basically be considered as construction under the condition of no water; general linear water flow, which can often be drained by natural drainage; but for sudden and large amount of water gushing, Then special groundwater countermeasures should be adopted to solve the problem. 2) according to whether the secondary lining is subjected to water pressure, the tunnel can be divided into 3 cases: 1. The lining does not bear water pressure, that is, the so called fully drained tunnel lining bears all the water pressure. In other words, the grouting area is set up behind the lining of the so-called non-drainage tunnel (waterproof type), which shares the water pressure of the lining, and the lining only bears part of the allowable water pressure. According to the actual design of the tunnel at present, most of the mountain tunnels adopt scheme 1, most of the urban tunnels adopt scheme 2, and in the extreme cases of high water pressure and sudden massive water inflow, scheme 3 is adopted. This paper introduces the design experience of Japan and the United States. 3) the practice of introducing groundwater into the tunnel and discharging groundwater from the drainage ditch set up near the side wall on both sides of the tunnel in our country is debatable, especially in the areas where freezing injury may occur. Less desirable. In foreign countries, such as Japan, Germany, France and other countries, the highway tunnel is basically set the central drainage pipe in or below the inverted arch, while on both sides of the tunnel there is only a drain for discharging Rain Water or cleaning water flowing into the tunnel. Therefore, it is suggested that a project should be carried out to remove the drainage ditch in the hole and to set up a central or bilateral drainage pipe. Finally, it is pointed out that we still need to work hard to achieve the three basic objectives of water treatment, especially the problem of "target" positioning, which needs to be solved by basic research. In the tunnel construction, the water gushing is inevitable, the objective existence phenomenon, our accumulated experience is very rich, but lacks the systematic, earnest summary and the induction.
【作者单位】：西南交通大学;
【分类号】：U455.4

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