溢油事故对河口滩涂生态系统的污染胁迫及生态损害评估研究

发布时间：2018-06-10 18:26

本文选题：长江口 + 溢油事故　；参考：《华东师范大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：长江河口生境条件特殊,是具有全球意义的生物多样性保护区,也是全球重要生态敏感区。随着长江航运的快速发展,以及上海国际航运中心建设的持续推进,长江口突发污染事件尤其是大型溢油事故发生的概率加大,对河口滩涂生态系统和城市生态安全构成较大威胁。论文以长江口白茆沙"12·30"典型河口溢油事故为例,研究了事故发生后,河口滩涂湿地环境中沉积物和水体受到的污染影响,以及污染胁迫下滩涂大型底栖动物群落及典型物种的动态响应特征,开展了河口溢油事故生态损害评估,提出了生态环境污染损害评估制度建议,为进一步建立完善河口溢油事故的应急处置、调查评估与治理修复技术与管理体系提供了科学依据和技术支撑。主要研究结果如下:1)溢油事故发生后,受河口地形影响,在潮汐、风浪等协同作用下,约90%以上的油污吸附到河口岸线滩涂湿地。应急处置后,高潮滩沉积物中特征污染物总石油烃(TPH)和多环芳烃(PAHs)含量均显著高于对照点和相应中低潮滩污染物含量(P0.01),且呈现非连续渐变分布,高潮滩沉积物中TPH和PAHs含量呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),TPH组成均以C17～C36段含量最高,PAHs组成均以2～3环为主,研究区域滩涂沉积物受此次事故重油污染特征明显。2)事故应急处置后,滩涂周边水体中PAHs含量持续下降,在二次修复过程中滩涂沉积物受扰动再次释放出污染物,导致水体中PAHs浓度升高。随着时间推移,水体中PAHs高环占比越来越大。水槽模拟实验表明,在潮汐冲刷作用下,表层沉积物中TPH能以一定速率释放到水体中(水温27.5℃,Csed =78731e-0.083t),中底层沉积物中TPH较难释放,水温对沉积物中TPH释放存在较大影响,温度越低释放速率越慢。3)溢油事故发生后,研究区域底栖动物种数并未显著减少,但优势类群由软体动物和甲壳动物等清洁类群,变为环节动物(多毛类、寡毛类)等耐污类群,事故发生两年后,甲壳动物恢复成为优势类群,但环节动物与软体动物相比仍占一定优势。此时,该区域大型底栖动物的平均栖息密度和生物量分别为53.44 ind./m2和6.66g/m2,对比应急处置后(38.19ind./m2和5.15g/m2)有所上升,但与该区域历史数据(582.23 ind./m2和171.08 g/m2)相比仍有较大差距。4)溢油污染滩涂中无齿螳臂相手蟹体内不同组织器官TPH含量差异明显,内脏组织比肌肉组织更容易累积污染物,两者间呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。从时间尺度来看,1年前后比较,生物体内TPH含量均呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),其中内脏组织中TPH下降幅度更大。各点位肌肉和内脏组织中的TPH含量与对应点位沉积物中TPH含量呈线性相关关系,表明生物体内TPH含量在相当程度上直接受到沉积物TPH污染的累积影响。5)溢油事故造成滩涂生态系统产品供给功能损失28.11万元、调节损失526.61万元、生态支持服务损失1307.91万元、文化娱乐服务损失139.30万元,共计造成当年生态系统服务损失2001.93万元。实际事故应急处置费用投入842.21万元,后续二次修复费用投入1346.16万元,总计投入2188.37万元。河口滩涂溢油事故造成单位面积生态系统服务价值损失达每公顷每年29.44万元,以及清污恢复工程投入每公顷32.18万元。总之,以上结果表明,溢油事故对河口滩涂生态系统的污染胁迫和生态损害具有其特殊性,会受到潮汐、生境等多种因素的共同作用。论文从事件全过程探讨了典型溢油事故对滩涂湿地环境和生物的损害,针对溢油事故滩涂沉积物中TPH和PAHs污染的协同分析,以及基于近3年的野外实地观测,对长江口滩涂大型底栖动物群落结构及生物体内TPH含量分布的动态变化研究,进一步印证了溢油事故环境污染与生物损害之间的因果关系,弥补了长江口地区相关研究的不足,为类似溢油事故的调查、处置、评估与修复提供了基础支撑。
[Abstract]:Along with the rapid development of the Yangtze River shipping and the continuous promotion of the construction of the Shanghai international shipping center, the probability of the sudden pollution incidents in the Yangtze Estuary, especially the large oil spill accident, is increasing, and the ecology of the estuary beaches. The system and urban ecological security constitute a great threat. The paper takes the "12. 30" typical estuary oil spill accident in the Yangtze Estuary as an example to study the pollution effects of the sediment and water body in the estuary wetland environment after the accident, and the dynamic response characteristics of the large benthic community and typical species under the pollution stress. The ecological damage assessment of the oil spill accident in the estuary was evaluated, and the suggestion of the ecological environmental pollution damage assessment system was put forward, which provided scientific basis and technical support for further establishing and perfecting the emergency disposal of the oil spill accident in the estuary. The main research results are as follows: 1) after the oil spill accident, the estuary topography Under the synergistic effect of tide, wind and wave, more than 90% of the oil pollution was adsorbed to the beach wetland of the estuary. After emergency treatment, the contents of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the high tide beach were significantly higher than those of the control point and the corresponding middle and low tidal flat (P0.01), and showed a discontinuous gradient distribution and high tide. The content of TPH and PAHs in the beach sediments has a very significant positive correlation (P0.01), and the composition of TPH is the highest in C17 to C36 section, and the composition of PAHs is 2~3 ring. The sediment is disturbed again and releases the contaminants, which leads to the increase of PAHs concentration in the water body. As time goes on, the PAHs high ring occupies a larger proportion in the water body. The sink simulation experiment shows that under the action of tidal scour, the TPH in the surface sediments can be released to the water body at a certain rate (water temperature 27.5, Csed =78731e-0.083t), in the bottom sediments. TPH is more difficult to release, water temperature has a great influence on the release of TPH in the sediment, the lower the temperature is, the slower the release rate is.3. After the oil spill accident, the number of Zoobenthos in the study area does not decrease significantly, but the dominant groups are transformed from mollusk and crustaceans and other clean groups to the anti fouling groups such as the link animals (hairs, oligohairs) and so on. After two years, the crustaceans recovered to become the dominant groups, but the link animals were still superior to the mollusks. The average habitat density and biomass of the large benthic animals in the region were 53.44 ind./m2 and 6.66g/m2 respectively, compared with the emergency treatment (38.19ind./m2 and 5.15g /m2), but with the historical data of the region (582.23 in). Compared to d./m2 and 171.08 g/m2), there is still a larger gap.4) the difference of TPH content in different tissues and organs in the spilled oil pollution beach is obvious, and the visceral tissue is more likely to accumulate pollutants than the muscle tissue, and there is a significant positive correlation between them (P0.01). From the time scale, the content of TPH in the organism is all in the body before and after 1 years. The decreasing trend of TPH in the visceral tissues was significantly decreased (P0.05). The TPH content in the muscle and visceral tissues of each point was linearly related to the TPH content in the corresponding point sediments, indicating that the TPH content in the organism was directly affected by the cumulative effect of the sediment TPH pollution in.5) the oil spill accident caused the beach ecosystem. The product supply function loss was 281 thousand and 100 yuan, the loss was 5 million 266 thousand and 100 yuan, the loss of ecological support service was 13 million 79 thousand and 100 yuan and the loss of cultural and entertainment service was 1 million 393 thousand yuan. The total loss of ecosystem services was 20 million 19 thousand and 300 yuan. The actual emergency disposal cost was invested 8 million 422 thousand and 100 yuan, and the subsequent two repair costs were invested 13 million 461 thousand and 600 yuan, total investment. The oil spill accident caused the loss of ecosystem service value per unit area of 294 thousand and 400 yuan per hectare per hectare and 321 thousand and 800 yuan per hectare per hectare per hectare. In a word, the above results show that the oil spill accident has its special characteristics on the pollution coerced and ecological damage of the estuary Beach ecosystem, which will be affected by the tides. In this paper, the environmental and biological damage of typical oil spill accidents on the wetland environment and biology is discussed from the whole event, and the synergistic analysis of TPH and PAHs pollution in the mudflat sediments of the oil spill accident and the field observation on the basis of the field in the last 3 years are applied to the structure and organism of the macrozoobenthos community in the tidal flat of the Yangtze River Estuary. The dynamic changes in the content distribution of internal TPH further confirm the causality between the environmental pollution and the biological damage of the oil spill accident, and make up the insufficiency of the related research in the Yangtze Estuary area, and provide the basic support for the investigation, disposal, evaluation and restoration of similar oil spill accidents.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X171.5;U698.7

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